Appendix 4: Brazil

This appendix analyzes the results of 550 respondents who completed the Strong assessment and reside in Brazil.

GOTs

Reliability

GOTs: Number of items, correlation with 2004 GOTs, and internal consistency
GOT Number of items r with 2004 Alpha
Realistic 20 0.96 0.91
Investigative 16 0.97 0.91
Artistic 23 0.98 0.92
Social 24 0.99 0.93
Enterprising 21 0.99 0.93
Conventional 16 0.97 0.89

Validity

Correlations among the GOTs

Correlations among the six GOTs for respondents residing in Brazil are presented below.

GOTs: Correlations
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional
Realistic
Investigative 0.44
Artistic 0.09 0.32
Social 0.09 0.30 0.55
Enterprising 0.13 0.14 0.35 0.45
Conventional 0.48 0.22 -0.08 0.06 0.38

Randomization test of hypothesized order relations

The randomization test of hypothesized order relations (RTHOR; Hubert & Arabie (1987)) is commonly used with assessments based on the RIASEC model. The RTHORR package (Tracey & Morris (2021)) computes a consistency index and associated p-value to determine if the pattern of correlations observed matches what we would expect.

For RTHOR results for respondents residing in Brazil, see the table below.

GOTs: RTHOR
Predictions Met Tied CI p
72 67 0 0.86 0.02

Gender differences

Gender differences on vocational interests have been found consistently for decades, and exist across various interest inventories, including the Strong assessment (Morris (2016); Su et al. (2009)).

For difference by gender for the six GOTs for respondents residing in Brazil, see the table below.

GOTs: Gender differences
GOT Female mean Female SD Male mean Male SD d
Realistic 41.79 9.44 50.21 7.30 -1.00
Investigative 50.62 10.11 49.34 8.76 0.14
Artistic 52.31 10.48 48.90 8.94 0.35
Social 51.56 9.75 45.47 9.89 0.62
Enterprising 51.21 10.13 51.47 9.86 -0.03
Conventional 43.81 9.43 46.84 8.94 -0.33

BISs

Reliability

The number of items on each BIS, internal consistency, test-retest reliability, and correlations with BISs from the 2004 Strong assessment for respondents residing in Brazil are shown below. Note that results for the new BISs are either unavailable (e.g., test-retest data) or based on small samples.

BISs: Number of Items, Internal Consistency, Correlation with 2004 BISs
BIS Number of items r with 2004 Alpha
Mechanics & Construction 9 0.97 0.89
Computer Hardware & Electronics 7 0.99 0.92
Military 6 0.98 0.90
Protective Services 8 0.99 0.78
Nature & Agriculture 10 0.95 0.85
Athletics 6 0.95 0.83
Science 7 0.98 0.89
Research 7 0.94 0.71
Medical Science 7 0.98 0.87
Mathematics 6 0.97 0.90
Conservation & Environmentalism 4 NA 0.92
Visual Arts & Design 10 0.99 0.86
Performing Arts 9 0.97 0.88
Writing & Mass Communication 6 0.94 0.86
Culinary Arts 5 0.95 0.80
Counseling & Helping 8 0.96 0.82
Teaching & Education 9 0.97 0.89
Human Resources & Training 6 0.95 0.77
Social Sciences 7 0.96 0.73
Religion & Spirituality 7 0.97 0.90
Healthcare Services 6 0.96 0.78
Hospitality & Tourism 7 NA 0.76
Marketing & Advertising 7 0.97 0.85
Sales 8 0.98 0.88
Management 5 0.94 0.77
Entrepreneurship 7 0.96 0.87
Politics & Public Speaking 9 0.97 0.86
Law 6 0.98 0.89
Office Management 5 0.84 0.76
Taxes & Accounting 6 0.97 0.77
Programming & Information Systems 5 0.96 0.90
Finance & Investing 5 0.97 0.89

Validity

Correlations with GOTs

For correlations between the BISs and GOTs for respondents residing in Brazil, see below. Note that results for the new BISs are based on small samples.

BISs: Correlations with GOTs
Realistic Investigative Artistic Social Enterprising Conventional
Mechanics & Construction 0.91 0.51 0.30 0.24 0.38 0.60
Computer Hardware & Electronics 0.77 0.45 0.10 0.11 0.32 0.73
Military 0.67 0.36 0.12 0.18 0.33 0.43
Protective Services 0.64 0.48 0.36 0.41 0.35 0.40
Nature & Agriculture 0.71 0.45 0.46 0.41 0.37 0.32
Athletics 0.47 0.15 0.20 0.29 0.39 0.27
Science 0.51 0.91 0.30 0.28 0.05 0.30
Research 0.50 0.63 0.20 0.31 0.37 0.63
Medical Science 0.42 0.81 0.30 0.35 0.07 0.26
Mathematics 0.39 0.45 -0.02 0.07 0.21 0.52
Conservation & Environmentalism 0.32 0.47 0.44 0.41 0.30 0.20
Visual Arts & Design 0.40 0.36 0.91 0.42 0.22 0.09
Performing Arts 0.28 0.33 0.87 0.50 0.21 -0.02
Writing & Mass Communication 0.24 0.28 0.78 0.54 0.20 0.05
Culinary Arts 0.19 0.20 0.46 0.41 0.30 0.08
Counseling & Helping 0.17 0.30 0.54 0.86 0.29 0.06
Teaching & Education 0.23 0.31 0.46 0.89 0.18 0.11
Human Resources & Training 0.31 0.22 0.28 0.66 0.63 0.43
Social Sciences 0.21 0.32 0.58 0.63 0.31 0.13
Religion & Spirituality 0.25 0.14 0.26 0.55 0.15 0.15
Healthcare Services 0.34 0.48 0.32 0.52 0.16 0.21
Hospitality & Tourism 0.11 -0.04 0.34 0.47 0.44 0.13
Marketing & Advertising 0.32 0.04 0.28 0.30 0.88 0.46
Sales 0.47 0.08 0.09 0.29 0.87 0.59
Management 0.43 0.18 0.14 0.46 0.70 0.59
Entrepreneurship 0.34 0.08 0.18 0.19 0.75 0.46
Politics & Public Speaking 0.35 0.21 0.32 0.40 0.47 0.32
Law 0.34 0.27 0.23 0.34 0.41 0.41
Office Management 0.33 0.17 0.25 0.46 0.40 0.54
Taxes & Accounting 0.49 0.31 -0.07 0.11 0.45 0.87
Programming & Information Systems 0.63 0.44 0.18 0.11 0.25 0.64
Finance & Investing 0.50 0.20 -0.05 0.05 0.62 0.82

Correlations among BISs

For correlations among the BISs for respondents residing in Brazil, see below. Note that results for the new BISs are based on small samples. Because the new scales were developed on separate samples, the correction between the two new BISs are unknown at this time.

BISs: Correlations
Mechanics & Construction Computer Hardware & Electronics Military Protective Services Nature & Agriculture Athletics Science Research Medical Science Mathematics Conservation & Environmentalism Visual Arts & Design Performing Arts Writing & Mass Communication Culinary Arts Counseling & Helping Teaching & Education Human Resources & Training Social Sciences Religion & Spirituality Healthcare Services Hospitality & Tourism Marketing & Advertising Sales Management Entrepreneurship Politics & Public Speaking Law Office Management Taxes & Accounting Programming & Information Systems Finance & Investing
Mechanics & Construction
Computer Hardware & Electronics 0.73
Military 0.57 0.44
Protective Services 0.48 0.31 0.73
Nature & Agriculture 0.44 0.14 0.25 0.41
Athletics 0.21 0.08 0.39 0.36 0.26
Science 0.51 0.38 0.29 0.27 0.42 0.17
Research 0.43 0.43 0.16 0.17 0.29 0.11 0.61
Medical Science 0.31 0.20 0.31 0.42 0.36 0.30 0.64 0.42
Mathematics 0.52 0.46 0.27 0.09 0.14 0.12 0.44 0.58 0.17
Conservation & Environmentalism 0.27 0.25 0.22 0.29 0.48 0.29 0.40 0.36 0.39 0.19
Visual Arts & Design 0.21 -0.05 0.02 0.23 0.39 0.01 0.31 0.24 0.21 0.05 0.45
Performing Arts 0.00 -0.16 0.07 0.33 0.34 0.20 0.27 0.19 0.28 -0.04 0.36 0.61
Writing & Mass Communication -0.03 -0.11 -0.11 0.05 0.32 0.00 0.23 0.26 0.21 -0.01 0.33 0.55 0.59
Culinary Arts -0.04 -0.14 0.01 0.15 0.25 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.19 0.08 0.36 0.40 0.45 0.35
Counseling & Helping 0.01 -0.13 0.07 0.27 0.33 0.13 0.21 0.33 0.31 -0.06 0.45 0.35 0.48 0.54 0.34
Teaching & Education 0.07 -0.09 -0.04 0.17 0.33 0.31 0.24 0.28 0.22 -0.01 0.37 0.28 0.41 0.43 0.33 0.52
Human Resources & Training 0.17 0.05 0.12 0.23 0.19 0.15 0.23 0.47 0.15 0.19 0.26 0.24 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.68 0.47
Social Sciences -0.01 -0.16 -0.04 0.13 0.38 0.08 0.23 0.34 0.28 0.08 0.49 0.45 0.49 0.64 0.35 0.69 0.43 0.54
Religion & Spirituality 0.11 0.00 0.30 0.35 0.21 0.25 0.17 0.20 0.27 -0.04 0.21 0.29 0.41 0.31 0.21 0.52 0.34 0.34 0.49
Healthcare Services 0.21 0.12 0.28 0.47 0.41 0.37 0.40 0.19 0.61 -0.05 0.39 0.20 0.26 0.19 0.30 0.44 0.46 0.29 0.22 0.30
Hospitality & Tourism 0.06 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.10 0.12 -0.09 0.04 -0.02 -0.09 0.24 0.28 0.28 0.36 0.39 0.34 0.34 0.26 0.20 0.15
Marketing & Advertising 0.02 -0.06 0.10 0.15 0.08 0.19 0.14 0.45 0.12 0.20 0.32 0.33 0.42 0.35 0.38 0.46 0.23 0.71 0.47 0.24 0.12 0.31
Sales 0.21 0.08 0.26 0.30 0.15 0.26 0.13 0.34 0.16 0.15 0.23 0.12 0.18 0.05 0.10 0.26 0.18 0.57 0.26 0.22 0.24 0.36 0.69
Management 0.38 0.16 0.25 0.37 0.30 0.19 0.26 0.38 0.24 0.27 0.26 0.14 0.18 0.10 0.21 0.38 0.30 0.72 0.36 0.27 0.31 0.38 0.57 0.67
Entrepreneurship 0.11 -0.04 0.01 -0.01 0.15 0.15 0.12 0.33 0.03 0.24 0.29 0.14 0.23 0.19 0.24 0.20 0.04 0.34 0.30 0.07 -0.15 0.26 0.56 0.42 0.35
Politics & Public Speaking 0.23 0.06 0.29 0.34 0.28 0.26 0.24 0.42 0.29 0.26 0.25 0.33 0.47 0.46 0.36 0.43 0.25 0.46 0.57 0.46 0.03 0.21 0.55 0.31 0.37 0.41
Law 0.15 -0.06 0.31 0.48 0.30 0.29 0.26 0.33 0.41 0.11 0.24 0.34 0.50 0.43 0.38 0.55 0.24 0.49 0.54 0.42 0.27 0.17 0.54 0.40 0.42 0.29 0.74
Office Management 0.05 0.14 0.04 0.15 0.08 0.10 0.11 0.02 0.09 -0.10 0.22 0.02 -0.03 0.04 0.10 0.20 0.28 0.23 0.03 0.12 0.53 0.26 0.04 0.28 0.24 -0.22 -0.23 -0.02
Taxes & Accounting 0.45 0.48 0.30 0.19 0.11 0.15 0.30 0.53 0.12 0.65 0.12 0.01 -0.06 -0.07 0.01 -0.08 -0.06 0.20 -0.01 0.06 0.01 0.00 0.27 0.42 0.39 0.18 0.24 0.16 0.08
Programming & Information Systems 0.53 0.82 0.25 0.17 0.06 0.00 0.32 0.43 0.14 0.43 0.23 -0.03 -0.19 -0.10 -0.09 -0.14 -0.05 0.01 -0.14 -0.12 0.07 -0.03 -0.09 0.01 0.08 -0.04 -0.04 -0.11 0.14 0.45
Finance & Investing 0.31 0.23 0.34 0.27 0.12 0.18 0.18 0.48 0.18 0.43 0.19 0.04 0.10 -0.02 0.12 0.01 -0.12 0.27 0.12 0.17 -0.03 0.12 0.51 0.58 0.43 0.43 0.49 0.40 -0.09 0.68 0.17

Gender differences

For differences by gender for the 32 BISs for respondents residing in Brazil, see below. Because there has not been sufficient data collected on the new BISs, those two scales are omitted here.

BISs: Gender differences
BIS Female mean Female SD Male mean Male SD d
Mechanics & Construction 44.36 8.17 51.28 7.50 -0.88
Computer Hardware & Electronics 40.36 9.15 49.15 10.02 -0.91
Military 41.38 10.56 50.37 10.69 -0.85
Protective Services 44.87 9.93 50.55 10.72 -0.55
Nature & Agriculture 49.12 10.43 49.57 9.14 -0.05
Athletics 48.32 8.78 51.57 10.08 -0.34
Science 51.01 9.32 49.92 8.59 0.12
Research 49.24 9.85 51.32 10.56 -0.20
Medical Science 48.13 11.15 47.32 10.63 0.07
Mathematics 49.79 10.14 55.45 8.47 -0.61
Visual Arts & Design 51.85 10.44 49.52 7.88 0.25
Performing Arts 52.26 10.31 49.23 9.78 0.30
Writing & Mass Communication 51.85 11.95 47.53 9.25 0.41
Culinary Arts 51.74 9.38 48.46 10.86 0.32
Counseling & Helping 52.08 11.37 46.09 9.23 0.58
Teaching & Education 51.82 9.27 46.72 9.94 0.53
Human Resources & Training 50.65 10.48 48.18 9.83 0.24
Social Sciences 54.13 11.18 48.78 10.41 0.50
Religion & Spirituality 43.69 7.96 42.54 11.34 0.12
Healthcare Services 48.29 10.82 43.61 8.89 0.48
Marketing & Advertising 51.92 11.02 51.00 10.60 0.09
Sales 50.14 9.38 50.24 9.75 -0.01
Management 49.95 10.14 51.13 10.38 -0.11
Entrepreneurship 53.73 10.11 56.29 8.86 -0.27
Politics & Public Speaking 47.53 11.47 53.37 11.52 -0.51
Law 47.44 11.52 48.49 10.60 -0.10
Office Management 48.78 9.45 42.72 9.05 0.66
Taxes & Accounting 46.33 9.15 50.77 7.76 -0.53
Programming & Information Systems 43.40 9.75 50.67 12.45 -0.65
Finance & Investing 45.24 10.60 51.25 10.76 -0.56

PSSs

Reliability

Because of the different construction methods of different PSSs, internal consistency is meaningful for only two of the six PSSs: Risk Taking and Team Orientation. These are the two PSSs that were developed from homogeneous item content. Test-retest reliability is not available for this country.

PSSs: Number of Items and Internal Consistency
PSS Alpha
People–Things
Data–Ideas
Learning Environment
Leadership Style
Risk Taking 0.72
Team Orientation 0.86

Validity

Correlations among PSSs

Correlations among the PSSs for respondents residing in Brazil are presented below.

Correlations among PSSs
People–Things Data–Ideas Learning Environment Leadership Style Risk Taking
Data–Ideas 0.16 NA NA NA NA
Learning Environment -0.29 -0.30 NA NA NA
Leadership Style 0.05 0.22 0.36 NA NA
Risk Taking 0.34 0.16 -0.05 0.26 NA
Team Orientation -0.20 0.09 0.24 0.18 0.25

Correlations between PSSs and GOTs

Correlations between the PSSs and GOTs for respondents residing in Brazil are presented below.

Correlations between PSSs and GOTs
People–Things Data–Ideas Learning Environment Leadership Style Risk Taking Team Orientation
R 0.50 0.08 -0.09 0.24 0.75 0.21
I 0.34 -0.47 0.15 0.01 0.36 0.20
A -0.38 -0.53 0.29 0.03 0.27 0.21
S -0.54 -0.17 0.27 0.04 0.21 0.44
E -0.14 0.59 -0.03 0.35 0.47 0.41
C 0.45 0.57 -0.16 0.18 0.50 0.22

Correlations between PSSs and BISs

Correlations between the PSSs and BISs for respondents residing in Brazil are presented below.

Correlations between PSSs and BISs
People–Things Data–Ideas Learning Environment Leadership Style Risk Taking Team Orientation
Mechanics & Construction 0.56 0.03 -0.03 0.21 0.60 0.00
Computer Hardware & Electronics 0.68 0.19 -0.14 0.04 0.38 -0.10
Military 0.38 0.14 -0.15 0.16 0.70 0.01
Protective Services 0.14 0.01 -0.22 0.07 0.75 0.08
Nature & Agriculture 0.08 -0.27 0.16 0.10 0.37 0.11
Athletics 0.00 0.08 -0.02 0.20 0.48 0.17
Science 0.26 -0.38 0.12 0.00 0.30 0.15
Research 0.09 0.03 0.38 0.31 0.32 0.41
Medical Science 0.11 -0.36 0.11 0.10 0.34 0.09
Mathematics 0.36 0.13 0.31 0.36 0.30 0.20
Conservation & Environmentalism
Visual Arts & Design -0.30 -0.48 0.25 0.02 0.21 0.09
Performing Arts -0.49 -0.41 0.27 0.09 0.25 0.18
Writing & Mass Communication -0.49 -0.43 0.41 0.07 -0.05 0.15
Culinary Arts -0.38 -0.19 0.14 0.00 0.14 0.29
Counseling & Helping -0.59 -0.18 0.26 0.05 0.06 0.41
Teaching & Education -0.53 -0.23 0.22 -0.01 0.06 0.29
Human Resources & Training -0.47 0.20 0.31 0.14 0.22 0.53
Social Sciences -0.54 -0.24 0.44 0.20 0.06 0.38
Religion & Spirituality -0.28 -0.08 0.17 0.18 0.31 0.13
Healthcare Services -0.12 -0.15 -0.26 -0.26 0.19 0.06
Hospitality & Tourism
Marketing & Advertising -0.48 0.31 0.33 0.33 0.28 0.46
Sales -0.20 0.57 0.03 0.22 0.40 0.22
Management -0.16 0.36 0.14 0.27 0.43 0.26
Entrepreneurship -0.20 0.22 0.29 0.41 0.24 0.41
Politics & Public Speaking -0.23 -0.03 0.48 0.56 0.48 0.39
Law -0.29 -0.05 0.24 0.34 0.48 0.37
Office Management -0.06 0.20 -0.43 -0.49 -0.12 -0.10
Taxes & Accounting 0.41 0.51 0.09 0.26 0.43 0.08
Programming & Information Systems 0.57 0.17 -0.05 -0.02 0.21 -0.03
Finance & Investing 0.18 0.52 0.20 0.49 0.55 0.24

Group differences

Gender differences

Gender differences on the six PSSs for respondents residing in Brazil are reported below.

PSSs: Gender differences
PSS Female mean Female SD Male mean Male SD d
People–Things 41.71 11.62 51.56 9.13 -0.04
Data–Ideas 45.56 11.12 50.05 10.56 -0.02
Learning Environment 54.78 10.91 56.36 10.25 -0.01
Leadership Style 47.68 10.83 57.00 11.53 -0.03
Risk Taking 46.26 9.06 55.22 8.62 -0.04
Team Orientation 54.38 8.58 52.91 8.72 0.01
Hubert, L., & Arabie, P. (1987). Evaluating order hypotheses within proximity matrices. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.102.1.172
Morris, M. L. (2016). Vocational interests in the united states: Sex, age, and year effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1037/cou0000164
Su, R., Rounds, J., & Armstrong, P. I. (2009). Men and things, women and people: A meta-analysis of sex differences in interests. Psychological Bulletin. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017364
Tracey, T. J. G., & Morris, M. L. (2021). RTHORR: Randomization test of hypothesized order relations (RTHOR) and comparisons. https://github.com/michaellynnmorris/RTHORR