The Occupational Similarity Scales

Occupational scales have been part of the Strong assessment since its debut in 1927. That tradition continues here, with the largest set of occupations yet (321 in total).

Construction of occupational similarity scales

There are some differences in the methods for building occupational similarity scales in the Strong 244 assessment compared with previous versions of the Strong assessment:

• All occupation samples in the Strong 244 assessment are combined gender samples, rather that separate samples for male and female occupational scales.
• The requirement for respondents to have been in the general line of work for at least three years in order to be included in the occupation sample has been dropped for the Strong 244 assessment.
• Raw scale scores are computed using elastic net penalized logistic regression (detailed below), comparing the GRS to each occupation sample. All holdover items from the 2004 Strong assessment were used as predictors (233 items in total, with mean values for the GRS and occupation samples used as replacements for any missing responses, respectively), but the elasticnet prodedure reduces some item weights to zero, see Table 5.1 for the number of non-zero items that are used for each scale.

However, many aspects of construction remain consistent with previous versions:

• Standard scores are computed such that the mean of the occupation sample on its occupation scale is equal to 50. In practice this means that most people will score lower than 50 on a given occupation scale.
• The requirement for respondents to be at least somewhat satisfied in their general line of work remains.

About elastic net

Penalized logistic regression, such as elastic net, can be useful for situations where there are a large number of features (predictors) and it is desirable to select a subset of the most important features for the final model. Ordinary logistic regression does not have a feature selection mechanism, so all features are used in the model.

Elastic net combines the L1 regularization term (used in Lasso regression) and the L2 regularization term (used in ridge regression). This can lead to better performance compared to using Lasso or ridge regression alone, especially when there is a mix of important and correlated predictors.

In general, penalized logistic regression (such as elastic net) is helpful to improve the interpretability of a model by selecting a subset of the most important features, or to improve the generalization of a model by reducing overfitting.

Reliability

Internal consistency estimates are not appropriate for occupation scales. For test-retest reliability estimates for each occupation scale, see Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Occupation scales: Basic information

Occupation	Model N	Retest short	Retest long	d	GRS min	GRS max	GRS mean	GRS sd	Number of non-zero items
Accountants and Auditors	3,586	0.72	0.74	1.72	-9	76	29.32	11.46	64
Actors	341	0.88	0.82	1.81	-21	73	23.15	12.12	41
Administrative Services Managers	900	0.83	0.83	1.89	-13	82	33.18	12.70	73
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	409	0.87	0.75	1.73	-10	78	30.91	11.04	76
Advertising Sales Agents	524	0.76	0.82	1.97	-6	83	31.93	9.80	125
Aerospace Engineers	202	0.89	0.91	1.69	-14	75	22.96	11.06	89
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	361	0.75	0.72	1.63	-13	83	33.17	9.28	103
Agricultural Equipment Operators	119	0.90	0.90	2.61	4	69	31.40	6.97	67
Air Crew Members	156	0.89	0.87	1.85	-3	80	31.29	9.08	99
Air Crew Officers	120	0.87	0.88	1.87	-25	76	20.71	12.18	87
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	212	0.88	0.89	2.13	-16	83	28.34	10.73	82
Amusement and Recreation Attendants	189	0.83	0.70	1.93	-17	82	31.20	10.23	112
Animal Caretakers	407	0.85	0.81	2.15	-8	75	29.99	9.36	119
Animal Scientists	110	0.83	0.76	2.56	-7	70	26.27	8.25	148
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	184	0.74	0.76	1.72	-9	82	33.77	9.33	99
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	207	0.75	0.77	2.22	-6	69	31.61	8.82	90
Architectural and Civil Drafters	107	0.88	0.83	2.04	-19	76	28.09	10.33	91
Art Directors	216	0.78	0.77	2.31	-5	70	28.39	8.80	83
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	220	0.84	0.79	1.64	-19	70	25.80	10.70	113
Athletes and Sports Competitors	397	0.87	0.85	1.87	-26	75	22.87	12.45	106
Athletic Trainers	133	0.79	0.81	1.29	-11	71	28.86	8.72	139
Audio and Video Technicians	132	0.81	0.71	1.81	-3	82	31.47	8.52	126
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	170	0.83	0.80	2.26	-6	82	28.43	9.38	93
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	240	0.83	0.85	2.50	-19	73	20.40	10.46	105
Baristas	2,597	0.68	0.56	2.16	-14	82	29.59	10.58	181
Bill and Account Collectors	286	0.82	0.81	2.39	-11	81	31.74	10.72	119
Billing and Posting Clerks	131	0.83	0.80	2.09	-9	77	30.84	10.17	99
Biochemists and Biophysicists	183	0.86	0.89	1.85	-14	72	23.16	10.00	88
Biological Technicians	134	0.83	0.88	1.90	0	71	28.45	8.14	96
Biologists	408	0.80	0.86	1.65	-22	72	17.90	12.12	77
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	801	0.83	0.84	2.06	-6	82	30.29	11.28	69
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys	123	0.86	0.81	1.41	-12	75	28.88	7.92	92
Budget Analysts	275	0.79	0.76	1.76	-11	84	31.23	11.08	70
Bus Drivers, School	161	0.77	0.79	2.06	-13	82	31.41	10.16	104
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	152	0.74	0.75	2.10	-19	83	32.64	11.30	118
Business Continuity Planners	108	0.78	0.71	2.15	-7	79	34.75	8.57	144
Business Intelligence Analysts	150	0.81	0.87	2.68	-12	76	28.70	10.26	110
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	346	0.87	0.66	1.56	-11	77	31.22	10.13	144
Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film	163	0.76	0.74	2.01	-7	78	31.34	8.51	129
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	211	0.86	0.78	2.32	-12	77	30.53	11.50	94
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	440	0.90	0.79	2.18	-16	74	26.70	10.61	82
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	1,297	0.77	0.62	2.20	-29	74	25.15	11.82	147
Carpenters	205	0.89	0.88	1.47	-10	85	29.15	9.81	56
Cashiers	13,889	0.75	0.65	2.38	-28	85	27.93	12.26	214
Chefs and Head Cooks	653	0.80	0.82	2.65	-16	87	31.94	10.55	87
Chemical Engineers	140	0.89	0.86	1.80	-6	70	25.58	9.47	77
Chemists	204	0.81	0.82	2.39	-27	74	18.46	11.79	103
Chief Executives	1,418	0.90	0.82	2.81	-5	74	32.14	9.78	79
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	1,193	0.90	0.82	1.27	2	75	31.78	9.85	67
Childcare Workers	2,868	0.71	0.67	1.92	-19	80	25.78	10.87	204
Choreographers	131	0.82	0.67	1.67	-23	62	17.46	10.80	125
Civil Engineers	244	0.81	0.88	1.54	-20	76	23.84	12.03	106
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	595	0.48	0.55	2.15	-39	92	31.08	13.76	200
Clergy	1,022	0.90	0.81	2.45	-25	72	17.17	12.05	152
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	1,307	0.86	0.73	2.30	-27	84	19.54	13.70	140
Coaches and Scouts	832	0.92	0.87	1.85	-12	76	29.73	10.25	56
Command and Control Center Officers	109	0.87	0.85	2.43	-4	75	29.81	9.88	79
Command and Control Center Specialists	126	0.85	0.79	2.37	-10	77	31.05	9.20	113
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	116	0.91	0.82	2.04	-1	73	32.07	9.10	102
Community Health Workers	197	0.87	0.78	1.63	-3	75	31.49	9.40	108
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	533	0.76	0.81	1.81	-16	84	30.97	12.54	73
Computer Network Architects	122	0.87	0.83	1.69	3	79	34.07	8.43	76
Computer Programmers	715	0.90	0.88	1.86	-5	75	27.55	10.04	49
Computer Systems Analysts	895	0.88	0.89	2.39	-3	78	31.32	10.36	62
Computer Systems Engineers/Architects	120	0.89	0.90	1.69	-24	81	20.90	11.96	89
Computer User Support Specialists	1,469	0.88	0.82	1.67	-2	82	31.46	8.84	71
Computer and Information Research Scientists	238	0.90	0.89	1.86	1	79	33.46	8.84	87
Computer and Information Systems Managers	846	0.84	0.85	1.73	-8	77	29.43	10.98	99
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	132	0.89	0.86	1.81	-2	74	29.53	8.90	93
Concierges	185	0.60	0.76	2.58	-11	85	32.58	9.62	122
Construction Laborers	561	0.89	0.85	1.99	-12	81	28.51	10.71	88
Construction Managers	364	0.86	0.83	1.62	-16	78	27.17	11.74	154
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	192	0.70	0.77	1.69	-7	84	33.30	9.98	112
Cooks, Restaurant	1,118	0.78	0.70	1.70	-11	86	32.32	10.72	41
Cooks, Short Order	382	0.78	0.69	1.91	-11	85	31.69	10.14	108
Correctional Officers and Jailers	213	0.89	0.86	2.06	0	73	31.94	7.95	92
Counter and Rental Clerks	1,526	0.76	0.66	2.04	-24	87	30.73	12.63	104
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	167	0.78	0.79	2.87	-8	79	32.08	8.67	116
Craft Artists	238	0.88	0.80	1.92	-11	76	30.07	9.00	94
Credit Analysts	263	0.81	0.80	1.50	-8	81	32.49	11.56	73
Customer Service Representatives	3,028	0.85	0.81	2.04	-6	84	33.83	11.95	45
Dancers	404	0.82	0.73	1.98	-19	69	21.63	10.95	115
Data Entry Keyers	847	0.84	0.83	2.16	-12	81	31.54	11.35	86
Database Administrators	279	0.88	0.89	1.59	1	74	33.75	8.67	74
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	215	0.77	0.80	2.22	-10	87	33.66	10.16	115
Dental Assistants	496	0.70	0.64	1.60	-12	73	23.07	10.47	88
Dental Hygienists	129	0.76	0.78	2.65	-5	72	28.86	8.75	80
Dentists, General	107	0.62	0.66	1.63	-19	85	22.03	10.57	76
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	195	0.87	0.88	2.18	0	82	31.79	8.58	73
Dietitians and Nutritionists	117	0.80	0.80	2.22	-6	78	27.92	9.14	95
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	441	0.91	0.80	1.60	-27	68	17.98	11.38	115
Driver/Sales Workers	379	0.84	0.74	1.88	-18	87	30.78	12.16	103
Editors	352	0.93	0.86	1.98	-27	76	21.54	11.65	97
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	353	0.79	0.70	1.96	-21	74	28.50	12.04	156
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	2,364	0.88	0.75	1.71	-24	82	26.78	11.98	98
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	1,062	0.88	0.81	1.97	-4	83	32.18	10.58	90
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	267	0.86	0.83	1.73	-4	72	29.19	10.18	68
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	2,923	0.91	0.78	1.76	-17	77	27.24	12.06	85
Electrical Engineers	369	0.75	0.71	2.19	-25	74	21.43	11.78	129
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	123	0.92	0.86	2.20	-15	82	26.48	12.17	71
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	114	0.68	0.64	1.74	-22	75	31.12	10.40	195
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	144	0.88	0.86	2.05	-6	80	29.19	10.38	85
Electricians	223	0.89	0.84	1.93	-9	77	27.71	10.38	80
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	106	0.91	0.91	2.27	-6	74	26.45	9.13	80
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	2,210	0.83	0.66	1.44	-20	77	26.25	11.05	131
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	133	0.65	0.67	2.07	-15	71	30.19	9.51	159
Emergency Medical Technicians	334	0.86	0.81	1.82	-11	69	26.03	9.33	73
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	318	0.92	0.86	2.42	-13	71	26.73	10.01	77
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	162	0.79	0.80	2.12	-20	71	26.25	10.40	159
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	5,168	0.83	0.81	2.00	-19	86	26.86	13.92	89
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	821	0.85	0.79	2.18	-8	85	30.95	10.27	44
Family Medicine Physicians	151	0.85	0.81	2.48	-4	78	32.13	8.12	92
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	294	0.83	0.83	2.20	0	76	31.61	8.14	103
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	371	0.84	0.77	2.61	-17	68	23.86	8.84	154
Fashion Designers	178	0.83	0.84	2.66	-16	77	27.23	8.95	69
File Clerks	456	0.81	0.82	2.05	-15	86	30.79	11.17	101
Film and Video Editors	210	0.73	0.62	1.30	-8	74	29.38	8.15	128
Financial Examiners	301	0.82	0.81	2.05	-21	86	31.26	12.40	84
Financial Managers	1,271	0.81	0.82	1.67	-2	82	32.01	10.65	60
Financial Risk Specialists	326	0.73	0.77	2.07	-18	86	32.32	12.26	115
Financial and Investment Analysts	1,767	0.79	0.78	1.81	-11	80	30.12	11.93	60
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	302	0.84	0.76	2.36	-13	71	26.39	9.48	117
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	311	0.91	0.86	1.69	-13	81	28.06	12.02	120
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	114	0.78	0.77	2.67	-10	69	29.29	8.29	172
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	2,048	0.77	0.70	1.76	-12	86	33.99	11.02	65
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	125	0.71	0.71	1.65	-21	83	31.85	11.23	128
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	118	0.88	0.87	2.67	-14	82	28.48	10.72	107
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	269	0.87	0.82	2.68	-16	88	32.21	12.43	89
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	354	0.90	0.88	1.97	3	83	33.63	9.45	86
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	316	0.84	0.79	1.60	-12	82	33.96	11.37	87
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	1,675	0.85	0.79	2.87	-11	80	32.16	13.00	67
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	223	0.76	0.76	2.68	-18	83	33.07	11.98	107
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	725	0.85	0.79	1.81	-7	82	32.50	12.00	59
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	1,394	0.77	0.78	1.71	-6	84	34.52	10.32	58
Fishing and Hunting Workers	108	0.88	0.81	2.33	-2	70	29.69	7.80	100
Floral Designers	107	0.88	0.87	1.52	-11	80	27.55	10.25	74
Food Preparation Workers	1,410	0.72	0.66	1.87	-20	91	31.27	11.24	63
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	1,762	0.75	0.66	3.02	-16	87	30.37	11.06	75
Food Service Managers	685	0.79	0.68	1.38	-25	83	32.83	11.47	143
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	125	0.85	0.78	2.27	-17	76	24.40	11.66	74
Forest and Conservation Workers	172	0.90	0.93	2.74	-5	72	30.94	8.25	91
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	532	0.63	0.74	1.37	-17	80	30.82	10.24	123
Fundraisers	164	0.64	0.63	1.52	-30	73	27.02	11.15	152
General Internal Medicine Physicians	130	0.83	0.89	1.81	-5	75	30.31	8.08	91
General and Operations Managers	2,989	0.83	0.79	1.58	-14	84	32.08	12.92	111
Graphic Designers	790	0.84	0.81	2.37	-23	76	24.07	10.97	52
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	1,044	0.84	0.85	1.82	-19	80	28.03	12.00	101
Health Education Specialists	230	0.78	0.78	2.49	-12	76	31.09	9.91	139
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	131	0.81	0.86	1.87	-6	76	31.83	8.72	116
Healthcare Social Workers	160	0.89	0.85	2.43	0	76	32.51	9.95	91
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	237	0.86	0.85	2.64	-13	87	29.11	11.52	104
Helpers--Carpenters	159	0.86	0.85	2.03	-11	81	28.88	10.36	95
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	308	0.86	0.81	1.73	-7	79	31.58	9.60	95
Home Health Aides	1,524	0.86	0.82	1.79	-8	78	31.08	9.81	41
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	3,463	0.74	0.59	2.25	-21	80	26.97	11.13	219
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	311	0.80	0.82	1.54	-12	79	29.00	10.61	98
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	1,453	0.85	0.83	1.75	-13	80	29.80	12.44	72
Human Resources Managers	1,264	0.87	0.82	1.67	-9	75	29.00	11.32	60
Human Resources Specialists	771	0.81	0.60	1.69	-17	80	30.69	11.26	154
Industrial Engineers	111	0.86	0.85	1.73	-4	72	29.72	9.20	102
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists	128	0.90	0.79	1.42	-15	75	23.26	9.51	59
Infantry	290	0.90	0.88	2.50	-9	73	26.17	9.13	66
Information Security Analysts	134	0.90	0.86	2.10	-2	78	30.82	9.34	85
Information Technology Project Managers	365	0.83	0.86	1.75	-12	78	29.10	11.59	74
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	165	0.84	0.80	2.74	-30	86	29.23	13.02	97
Instructional Coordinators	1,196	0.90	0.79	2.42	-11	81	32.25	12.50	77
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	505	0.82	0.83	2.19	-19	88	29.39	12.14	92
Insurance Sales Agents	1,104	0.62	0.49	2.18	-19	77	22.02	11.01	90
Insurance Underwriters	360	0.69	0.79	1.41	-19	82	30.04	13.09	108
Interior Designers	211	0.80	0.84	1.81	-10	70	25.61	9.16	95
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	1,202	0.71	0.78	1.88	-14	76	30.95	9.98	118
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	260	0.85	0.74	2.63	-11	71	26.54	9.59	127
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	606	0.83	0.79	2.08	-8	85	32.40	10.63	89
Landscape Architects	101	0.82	0.81	1.88	-12	77	30.41	9.81	119
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	832	0.83	0.82	2.27	-16	86	29.02	10.78	74
Lawyers	1,218	0.66	0.67	2.50	-31	78	21.85	11.72	160
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	725	0.91	0.85	1.85	-11	76	33.75	9.60	130
Library Technicians	492	0.92	0.88	1.50	-4	75	33.01	9.99	95
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	452	0.85	0.81	2.59	-20	74	21.70	10.78	106
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	538	0.83	0.68	1.58	-14	82	29.68	10.49	110
Light Truck Drivers	547	0.81	0.76	1.78	-15	90	30.95	11.56	106
Loan Officers	581	0.72	0.79	1.75	-11	80	33.30	10.72	112
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	124	0.77	0.72	2.19	-12	76	31.06	9.60	115
Logisticians	173	0.76	0.70	2.22	-17	82	34.78	11.82	122
Logistics Analysts	115	0.81	0.69	2.65	-11	77	32.35	9.53	127
Machinists	210	0.77	0.71	1.67	-19	75	26.39	10.84	125
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	344	0.85	0.81	1.75	-13	81	29.68	10.29	125
Management Analysts	864	0.84	0.83	1.97	-6	83	33.23	11.80	85
Manicurists and Pedicurists	154	0.83	0.79	2.46	-11	75	29.15	9.61	102
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	398	0.78	0.72	1.56	-15	79	28.36	10.01	131
Marketing Managers	1,645	0.83	0.76	1.82	-21	73	26.37	12.05	138
Marriage and Family Therapists	169	0.88	0.68	1.66	-28	77	21.38	12.10	125
Massage Therapists	203	0.86	0.79	2.96	-11	80	28.86	9.34	114
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	116	0.92	0.83	2.18	-14	74	23.07	10.76	77
Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians	100	0.91	0.91	1.50	-5	72	27.48	9.27	91
Mechanical Engineers	640	0.88	0.87	2.87	-14	76	23.68	11.39	64
Media Programming Directors	631	0.90	0.83	1.79	-5	76	30.58	11.08	82
Medical Assistants	1,387	0.86	0.83	1.95	-6	76	29.21	8.81	113
Medical Records Specialists	129	0.79	0.72	2.55	-8	76	33.16	8.23	166
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	177	0.87	0.89	1.93	-11	70	25.88	9.11	94
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	344	0.85	0.82	2.61	-17	82	25.87	11.54	139
Medical Transcriptionists	169	0.76	0.80	2.20	-6	79	31.28	9.17	113
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	370	0.82	0.84	2.54	-4	78	30.26	9.00	87
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	160	0.79	0.85	1.60	-4	74	30.49	8.33	85
Medical and Health Services Managers	416	0.81	0.82	1.52	-6	78	30.82	10.08	77
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	226	0.87	0.86	2.73	-5	77	30.04	10.68	94
Mental Health Counselors	1,548	0.89	0.79	2.14	-34	75	19.40	14.26	87
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	482	0.90	0.84	1.84	-10	74	25.23	11.60	59
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	102	0.83	0.80	1.87	-5	74	32.24	7.81	131
Microbiologists	123	0.85	0.90	1.98	-18	75	21.26	10.03	77
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	1,061	0.87	0.78	1.46	-10	77	29.45	11.30	69
Models	176	0.81	0.81	2.12	-20	76	29.38	8.86	112
Molecular and Cellular Biologists	138	0.82	0.86	2.12	-21	67	16.84	10.29	134
Music Directors and Composers	146	0.84	0.81	1.51	-28	70	20.96	11.52	137
Musicians and Singers	507	0.86	0.79	1.74	-28	73	20.01	13.81	67
Nannies	1,302	0.70	0.72	1.52	-21	77	23.57	11.16	160
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	436	0.86	0.83	2.18	-18	74	24.60	10.26	93
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	195	0.82	0.81	2.82	-18	70	23.96	10.18	100
Nurse Practitioners	138	0.69	0.63	1.66	-18	66	24.95	9.36	181
Nursing Assistants	1,146	0.85	0.80	1.94	-16	72	23.18	9.78	142
Occupational Therapists	120	0.75	0.76	2.61	-20	71	26.63	9.77	163
Office Clerks, General	1,832	0.87	0.85	2.31	-12	82	32.62	11.59	80
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	133	0.93	0.87	2.37	-4	72	29.26	7.99	110
Operations Research Analysts	124	0.84	0.87	1.33	2	77	33.74	8.44	101
Orderlies	2,098	0.81	0.78	1.84	-17	73	25.26	10.20	163
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	234	0.84	0.81	2.73	-18	85	30.02	11.80	108
Packers and Packagers, Hand	365	0.81	0.73	2.51	-20	83	29.18	11.67	104
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	197	0.86	0.84	2.09	-9	86	32.13	10.89	105
Parking Attendants	143	0.81	0.75	3.22	-6	75	31.83	9.31	113
Parts Salespersons	559	0.83	0.71	1.68	-12	80	30.96	10.87	76
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	211	0.85	0.85	2.43	-12	79	30.01	10.83	93
Pediatricians, General	111	0.78	0.75	2.37	-14	70	28.38	8.28	49
Personal Care Aides	1,612	0.88	0.82	2.10	-6	83	32.87	9.49	50
Personal Financial Advisors	1,294	0.74	0.75	1.70	-10	75	28.34	9.34	134
Pharmacists	207	0.74	0.72	1.70	-7	69	29.64	9.29	93
Pharmacy Aides	567	0.81	0.79	1.57	-2	78	33.42	8.41	105
Pharmacy Technicians	957	0.80	0.83	1.27	-2	77	32.44	8.35	98
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	101	0.92	0.78	2.45	-12	69	24.97	9.13	97
Phlebotomists	145	0.71	0.72	2.30	-19	72	23.11	10.21	126
Photographers	492	0.77	0.62	2.43	-29	78	26.65	10.37	172
Physical Therapist Aides	198	0.81	0.77	2.57	-12	72	29.96	9.09	109
Physical Therapist Assistants	110	0.87	0.84	2.19	-7	79	30.42	8.84	118
Physical Therapists	247	0.78	0.84	1.89	-21	74	28.34	9.93	145
Physician Assistants	130	0.86	0.80	2.36	-9	77	29.35	8.93	86
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	131	0.89	0.87	2.57	-6	76	32.20	9.05	102
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	414	0.86	0.88	2.20	-11	77	25.19	10.37	97
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	1,835	0.81	0.77	1.96	-13	75	24.23	10.52	165
Printing Press Operators	102	0.86	0.76	1.89	-14	86	29.45	11.46	114
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	184	0.83	0.82	2.10	-9	79	28.58	8.85	114
Procurement Clerks	142	0.66	0.75	2.52	-11	79	33.89	10.48	108
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	141	0.69	0.74	1.95	-10	84	33.21	10.92	128
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	371	0.80	0.76	1.54	-16	82	32.96	13.50	84
Psychiatric Aides	538	0.89	0.77	2.47	-19	72	25.92	11.07	73
Psychiatric Technicians	187	0.85	0.77	1.83	-25	72	25.06	10.57	119
Psychiatrists	126	0.89	0.74	1.70	-11	74	26.13	10.28	78
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	528	0.91	0.82	2.45	-8	75	26.93	8.85	75
Public Relations Managers	286	0.88	0.85	1.35	-1	77	32.50	9.38	89
Public Relations Specialists	549	0.84	0.83	1.95	-12	73	29.04	9.76	60
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	437	0.72	0.82	1.91	-17	86	33.97	12.35	90
Purchasing Managers	283	0.79	0.76	1.39	-18	87	32.13	11.82	67
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	169	0.75	0.70	2.32	-10	82	30.05	10.45	62
Real Estate Brokers	175	0.86	0.82	2.37	-10	86	29.01	9.72	71
Real Estate Sales Agents	661	0.85	0.84	2.34	-2	77	30.78	9.71	70
Receptionists and Information Clerks	2,343	0.87	0.86	1.93	-14	82	28.45	12.70	76
Recreation Workers	502	0.75	0.57	1.97	-26	81	29.65	11.61	151
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	199	0.88	0.83	1.49	-4	86	31.11	9.49	109
Registered Nurses	1,276	0.82	0.78	2.45	-26	80	20.21	12.26	128
Rehabilitation Counselors	347	0.88	0.82	1.53	-7	73	29.15	11.36	67
Residential Advisors	254	0.89	0.83	2.02	-11	81	31.58	11.52	101
Retail Salespersons	14,037	0.68	0.66	2.36	-27	85	29.86	11.68	193
Sales Engineers	208	0.86	0.70	2.42	-1	73	33.98	8.84	81
Sales Managers	1,251	0.84	0.80	1.94	-2	77	32.40	10.20	85
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	3,239	0.65	0.60	2.45	-21	87	32.95	11.58	103
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	699	0.82	0.76	2.31	-11	81	33.69	10.63	66
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	732	0.83	0.76	2.02	-9	80	33.24	9.90	61
School Psychologists	113	0.88	0.80	1.61	-17	79	28.28	11.10	100
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	1,530	0.78	0.75	1.46	-31	82	24.93	12.25	177
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	2,129	0.87	0.87	2.32	-12	82	29.49	12.33	64
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	825	0.82	0.67	1.80	-6	78	33.18	8.96	123
Security Guards	1,438	0.72	0.72	1.94	-19	80	29.65	10.35	103
Self-Enrichment Teachers	382	0.78	0.65	2.01	-30	73	29.59	12.22	177
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	148	0.84	0.80	2.12	-9	84	33.15	10.56	102
Skincare Specialists	175	0.74	0.76	2.30	-20	72	27.46	9.90	131
Social Science Research Assistants	255	0.82	0.76	2.14	-21	70	25.70	9.72	136
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	140	0.88	0.85	2.43	-11	74	27.05	11.32	77
Social and Community Service Managers	754	0.83	0.74	1.90	-22	85	30.60	12.36	196
Social and Human Service Assistants	1,664	0.85	0.78	1.85	-11	80	32.10	11.45	71
Software Developers	981	0.91	0.90	1.77	-7	75	26.98	10.89	67
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	180	0.76	0.71	2.15	-19	73	22.37	10.11	151
Special Education Teachers, Middle School	101	0.86	0.79	2.40	-3	72	27.99	9.31	76
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	117	0.87	0.78	1.73	-20	71	21.33	11.43	72
Special Effects Artists and Animators	119	0.81	0.81	1.53	-13	72	28.40	7.53	145
Statisticians	111	0.89	0.83	1.42	-4	69	28.20	9.43	76
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	837	0.84	0.73	1.54	-23	76	24.73	11.90	106
Surgical Technologists	115	0.85	0.81	2.65	-5	76	29.31	8.72	89
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	404	0.80	0.82	1.84	-16	83	31.06	11.82	97
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	137	0.81	0.70	1.97	-10	76	30.85	9.50	121
Tax Preparers	224	0.66	0.72	2.23	-11	72	26.46	9.60	84
Taxi Drivers	134	0.73	0.68	2.83	-37	79	27.76	12.74	101
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	441	0.80	0.66	2.29	-19	83	29.32	11.00	139
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	3,584	0.85	0.81	2.60	-10	81	31.43	9.77	89
Team Assemblers	268	0.83	0.76	2.58	-18	92	30.47	12.02	103
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	159	0.88	0.86	1.85	-5	80	30.04	10.34	79
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	123	0.83	0.82	1.44	-5	75	32.39	9.50	99
Telemarketers	419	0.83	0.81	1.54	-16	87	32.70	10.75	104
Telephone Operators	452	0.80	0.81	1.78	-17	80	31.63	11.69	102
Tellers	232	0.55	0.73	2.08	-28	76	28.83	11.14	175
Tire Builders	1,210	0.81	0.78	1.78	-23	92	30.61	13.02	97
Tire Repairers and Changers	111	0.87	0.85	2.22	-19	76	23.72	10.65	96
Training and Development Managers	439	0.88	0.82	2.40	3	75	34.19	9.49	86
Training and Development Specialists	520	0.87	0.82	1.98	-5	81	33.60	10.67	78
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	264	0.85	0.80	1.90	-14	85	34.70	12.03	97
Travel Agents	123	0.67	0.74	1.67	-11	76	31.23	10.42	124
Tutors	1,315	0.82	0.76	2.17	-10	82	32.11	10.33	69
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	271	0.91	0.82	1.70	-17	81	25.69	11.21	92
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	163	0.63	0.67	2.58	-19	78	30.25	11.09	133
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	291	0.84	0.76	2.53	-8	80	29.59	8.52	107
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	361	0.79	0.74	2.59	-14	73	27.85	8.56	86
Waiters and Waitresses	11,052	0.73	0.62	1.88	-24	91	28.63	12.12	219
Web Developers	126	0.87	0.88	1.61	-6	74	27.35	8.77	79
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	584	0.71	0.76	2.24	-10	77	33.18	9.68	90

Validity

Differences on each scale between the GRS and occupation samples

A basic measure of validity for occupation scales is the difference in scores between the GRS and people in the occupation sample. See Table 5.1. Across all occupations, the mean difference is now 2.03. This is a larger difference than the occupation scales after the 2012 revision (mean d = 1.57). This indicates an improvement in separating occupation samples from the GRS.

Correlations with GOTs

Correlations of occupational similarity scales with GOTs are reported in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2: Occupation scales: Correlations with GOTs

Occupation	Realistic	Investigative	Artistic	Social	Enterprising	Conventional
Accountants and Auditors	-0.02	0.00	-0.04	0.01	0.10	0.38
Actors	-0.04	-0.01	0.45	0.06	0.07	-0.20
Administrative Services Managers	-0.21	-0.11	0.09	0.25	0.21	0.12
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	-0.22	-0.01	0.34	0.43	-0.01	-0.18
Advertising Sales Agents	-0.10	-0.10	0.21	0.11	0.46	-0.05
Aerospace Engineers	0.50	0.51	0.16	-0.07	0.06	0.18
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	0.07	-0.05	-0.08	-0.04	0.26	0.25
Agricultural Equipment Operators	0.38	0.04	-0.35	-0.41	-0.15	0.05
Air Crew Members	0.41	0.16	-0.32	-0.26	-0.13	0.06
Air Crew Officers	0.54	0.32	0.03	0.01	0.15	0.17
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	0.55	0.19	-0.20	-0.32	-0.09	0.11
Amusement and Recreation Attendants	-0.20	-0.24	-0.21	-0.18	-0.19	-0.26
Animal Caretakers	-0.27	-0.15	-0.07	-0.19	-0.41	-0.44
Animal Scientists	-0.12	0.16	-0.05	-0.21	-0.35	-0.32
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	-0.01	-0.11	-0.11	-0.09	0.27	0.14
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	0.26	0.12	0.21	-0.18	0.03	-0.04
Architectural and Civil Drafters	0.35	0.20	0.22	-0.19	-0.04	-0.05
Art Directors	0.02	0.03	0.53	-0.04	0.03	-0.21
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.04	0.10	0.48	0.25	-0.06	-0.12
Athletes and Sports Competitors	0.18	0.02	0.04	0.01	0.21	0.08
Athletic Trainers	0.08	0.08	0.08	0.07	0.03	-0.14
Audio and Video Technicians	0.12	-0.09	0.08	-0.31	-0.12	-0.19
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	0.33	-0.09	-0.20	-0.42	0.00	-0.04
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	0.47	0.04	-0.19	-0.31	0.01	0.08
Baristas	-0.22	-0.12	0.00	-0.04	-0.07	-0.19
Bill and Account Collectors	-0.29	-0.16	-0.07	0.12	0.01	0.15
Billing and Posting Clerks	-0.36	-0.20	-0.14	0.02	-0.08	0.08
Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.25	0.75	0.19	0.04	-0.10	0.15
Biological Technicians	0.05	0.55	0.06	-0.09	-0.28	-0.05
Biologists	0.24	0.69	0.29	0.12	0.00	0.08
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	-0.28	-0.14	-0.09	0.02	-0.10	0.20
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys	-0.27	-0.35	0.07	-0.21	-0.04	-0.35
Budget Analysts	-0.04	-0.02	-0.04	0.08	0.15	0.39
Bus Drivers, School	-0.17	-0.14	-0.15	0.08	-0.23	-0.08
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	0.13	0.05	-0.09	0.13	0.03	0.13
Business Continuity Planners	-0.16	-0.24	-0.09	-0.13	0.27	0.11
Business Intelligence Analysts	0.21	0.28	0.15	-0.04	0.05	0.20
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.16	-0.09	0.13	0.25	0.20	-0.02
Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film	-0.08	-0.19	0.08	-0.20	-0.13	-0.26
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	-0.19	-0.16	0.22	0.55	0.14	-0.15
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.31	-0.18	0.27	0.50	0.14	-0.20
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	-0.13	-0.09	0.21	0.49	0.18	-0.05
Carpenters	0.52	0.12	-0.12	-0.34	-0.09	-0.02
Cashiers	-0.19	-0.14	-0.11	-0.07	-0.04	-0.09
Chefs and Head Cooks	0.15	-0.01	0.07	-0.19	0.02	-0.10
Chemical Engineers	0.25	0.55	0.04	-0.05	0.06	0.26
Chemists	0.29	0.61	0.15	0.06	0.04	0.22
Chief Executives	0.14	0.10	0.21	0.15	0.46	0.07
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	-0.38	-0.21	0.10	0.42	-0.12	-0.31
Childcare Workers	-0.24	-0.14	0.02	0.18	-0.03	-0.17
Choreographers	-0.20	-0.07	0.35	0.18	-0.03	-0.18
Civil Engineers	0.47	0.34	0.07	-0.07	0.08	0.20
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	-0.04	0.02	0.07	0.16	0.10	0.09
Clergy	0.15	0.10	0.27	0.36	0.16	0.03
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	-0.15	0.09	0.35	0.45	0.06	-0.21
Coaches and Scouts	-0.12	-0.19	-0.04	0.09	0.02	-0.25
Command and Control Center Officers	0.53	0.34	0.13	0.13	0.16	0.22
Command and Control Center Specialists	0.15	0.03	-0.25	-0.14	-0.09	-0.04
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.23	-0.08	0.43	0.41	0.17	-0.27
Community Health Workers	-0.31	-0.19	-0.01	0.25	-0.16	-0.35
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	-0.24	-0.13	0.18	0.32	0.15	-0.03
Computer Network Architects	0.40	0.27	0.08	-0.07	0.04	0.31
Computer Programmers	0.33	0.28	0.07	-0.13	-0.04	0.37
Computer Systems Analysts	0.28	0.28	0.15	-0.02	0.01	0.30
Computer Systems Engineers/Architects	0.44	0.37	0.07	-0.16	0.00	0.21
Computer User Support Specialists	0.30	0.21	0.12	-0.02	0.04	0.30
Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.33	0.37	0.08	-0.18	-0.08	0.27
Computer and Information Systems Managers	0.34	0.28	0.23	0.09	0.19	0.24
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	0.46	0.20	-0.07	-0.21	0.02	0.34
Concierges	-0.29	-0.30	-0.09	-0.07	0.10	-0.13
Construction Laborers	0.48	0.07	-0.18	-0.33	0.01	0.06
Construction Managers	0.46	0.19	0.16	0.00	0.27	0.07
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	-0.20	-0.22	-0.13	-0.01	-0.15	-0.12
Cooks, Restaurant	0.14	-0.03	-0.03	-0.18	0.00	-0.06
Cooks, Short Order	-0.10	-0.23	-0.12	-0.32	-0.19	-0.27
Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.11	0.03	-0.05	0.22	-0.08	-0.07
Counter and Rental Clerks	-0.23	-0.24	-0.15	-0.12	-0.06	-0.17
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	-0.36	-0.30	-0.11	-0.15	-0.14	-0.20
Craft Artists	-0.10	-0.07	0.47	0.01	-0.10	-0.32
Credit Analysts	-0.01	0.04	0.01	0.07	0.26	0.26
Customer Service Representatives	-0.27	-0.13	0.06	0.27	0.07	0.08
Dancers	-0.17	0.01	0.38	0.14	0.03	-0.16
Data Entry Keyers	-0.37	-0.23	-0.07	0.03	-0.16	0.00
Database Administrators	0.20	0.22	0.04	-0.11	-0.07	0.38
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	-0.10	-0.12	0.22	0.16	0.37	-0.12
Dental Assistants	-0.12	0.03	-0.02	0.07	-0.07	-0.03
Dental Hygienists	-0.15	0.15	0.00	0.05	-0.11	-0.10
Dentists, General	0.01	0.05	-0.05	0.00	-0.03	0.01
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.15	0.02	-0.12	0.03	-0.05	-0.05
Dietitians and Nutritionists	-0.36	-0.03	0.02	0.10	-0.17	-0.29
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	0.02	0.01	0.25	0.39	0.12	-0.05
Driver/Sales Workers	0.28	0.00	-0.10	-0.18	0.05	0.11
Editors	-0.14	0.02	0.50	0.06	-0.03	-0.19
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	-0.09	0.01	0.22	0.49	0.18	-0.08
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	-0.17	-0.05	0.31	0.38	0.10	-0.17
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.40	-0.24	0.12	0.42	-0.11	-0.33
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	-0.42	-0.25	0.07	0.48	-0.05	-0.23
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	-0.31	-0.12	0.27	0.48	0.02	-0.24
Electrical Engineers	0.41	0.32	0.14	0.00	0.11	0.22
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.62	0.28	-0.16	-0.23	0.03	0.27
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	0.20	0.11	-0.04	-0.07	0.04	0.12
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	0.58	0.28	-0.20	-0.29	-0.07	0.26
Electricians	0.60	0.19	-0.16	-0.22	0.07	0.17
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.56	0.50	0.09	-0.15	0.02	0.29
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.20	-0.04	0.20	0.52	0.01	-0.14
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	-0.02	0.07	0.14	0.36	0.18	0.22
Emergency Medical Technicians	0.27	0.32	-0.04	0.03	-0.08	-0.02
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.14	0.10	0.60	0.40	0.03	-0.17
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	0.22	0.46	0.20	0.08	0.05	0.02
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	-0.29	-0.15	0.16	0.21	0.00	0.00
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	-0.05	-0.05	0.10	0.12	0.02	-0.29
Family Medicine Physicians	0.16	0.47	0.13	0.02	-0.15	-0.07
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	0.10	-0.11	-0.28	-0.33	-0.25	-0.23
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	0.21	0.03	-0.09	-0.14	-0.08	-0.08
Fashion Designers	-0.31	-0.23	0.19	-0.19	-0.02	-0.29
File Clerks	-0.46	-0.29	-0.13	-0.11	-0.27	-0.14
Film and Video Editors	0.02	-0.02	0.31	-0.01	0.02	-0.07
Financial Examiners	-0.03	-0.07	-0.01	0.01	0.22	0.27
Financial Managers	0.04	0.05	0.03	0.10	0.30	0.35
Financial Risk Specialists	-0.03	0.10	0.16	0.19	0.21	0.18
Financial and Investment Analysts	0.08	0.11	0.05	0.05	0.23	0.33
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	-0.01	0.00	0.53	0.05	0.02	-0.21
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.55	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.26	0.12
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	0.07	0.06	-0.10	-0.15	-0.09	-0.16
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	-0.20	-0.20	-0.18	0.02	0.09	-0.04
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	0.15	-0.10	-0.07	-0.04	0.04	0.12
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	0.44	0.07	-0.14	-0.18	0.07	-0.02
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.46	0.19	-0.03	0.09	0.29	0.30
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	0.53	0.15	-0.20	-0.20	0.05	0.16
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	-0.04	-0.14	0.01	0.16	0.41	-0.03
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	-0.25	-0.12	0.11	0.28	0.06	0.01
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	-0.18	-0.18	-0.01	0.28	0.12	-0.11
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	0.43	0.19	-0.09	0.03	0.22	0.26
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	-0.25	-0.23	-0.06	0.10	0.28	-0.06
Fishing and Hunting Workers	0.03	-0.16	-0.42	-0.60	-0.36	-0.38
Floral Designers	-0.52	-0.38	0.03	-0.13	-0.28	-0.48
Food Preparation Workers	-0.14	-0.19	-0.18	-0.23	-0.17	-0.16
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	-0.28	-0.27	-0.22	-0.19	-0.17	-0.24
Food Service Managers	-0.03	-0.09	0.00	0.12	0.22	0.06
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.27	-0.02	0.38	0.33	-0.12	-0.28
Forest and Conservation Workers	0.40	0.32	0.02	-0.12	-0.13	-0.09
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	-0.03	0.08	0.16	0.12	0.10	0.17
Fundraisers	-0.13	-0.01	0.24	0.19	0.23	0.01
General Internal Medicine Physicians	0.01	0.34	0.00	-0.05	-0.20	-0.07
General and Operations Managers	0.11	0.06	0.12	0.13	0.37	0.10
Graphic Designers	0.10	0.10	0.42	0.00	0.08	-0.05
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	-0.46	-0.29	0.03	0.07	-0.06	-0.30
Health Education Specialists	-0.23	-0.02	0.10	0.24	-0.02	-0.21
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.21	0.04	-0.01	0.04	-0.30	-0.36
Healthcare Social Workers	-0.30	-0.06	0.20	0.52	-0.01	-0.24
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	0.45	0.07	-0.20	-0.17	0.05	0.15
Helpers--Carpenters	0.52	0.10	-0.12	-0.28	0.03	0.09
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	0.30	-0.10	-0.25	-0.40	-0.08	-0.05
Home Health Aides	-0.16	0.04	0.04	0.30	-0.08	-0.07
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	-0.25	-0.15	-0.03	-0.04	-0.01	-0.16
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	-0.43	-0.33	-0.11	0.02	0.03	-0.08
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	-0.38	-0.22	0.09	0.29	0.04	-0.08
Human Resources Managers	-0.23	-0.12	0.19	0.41	0.23	-0.10
Human Resources Specialists	-0.17	-0.11	0.15	0.29	0.20	-0.05
Industrial Engineers	0.48	0.36	0.06	-0.05	0.15	0.24
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists	-0.09	0.19	0.20	0.12	0.02	-0.10
Infantry	0.42	0.15	-0.20	-0.12	-0.03	0.07
Information Security Analysts	0.37	0.31	0.11	0.01	0.07	0.43
Information Technology Project Managers	0.23	0.26	0.16	0.08	0.15	0.23
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	0.31	0.26	-0.10	0.05	0.08	0.35
Instructional Coordinators	-0.18	-0.05	0.33	0.41	0.05	-0.18
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	-0.27	-0.13	-0.05	0.09	-0.09	0.07
Insurance Sales Agents	0.20	0.13	0.21	0.20	0.45	0.24
Insurance Underwriters	-0.06	-0.06	0.04	0.05	0.17	0.18
Interior Designers	-0.26	-0.26	0.22	-0.04	0.03	-0.28
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	-0.18	-0.04	0.15	0.14	0.04	-0.01
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.36	-0.22	0.11	0.44	-0.13	-0.24
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	0.33	0.09	-0.16	-0.27	-0.03	0.11
Landscape Architects	0.29	0.11	0.16	-0.16	0.12	0.00
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	0.37	0.06	-0.10	-0.20	0.05	0.02
Lawyers	0.14	0.18	0.30	0.18	0.19	0.00
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	-0.32	-0.09	0.20	0.02	-0.22	-0.17
Library Technicians	-0.32	-0.08	0.23	0.01	-0.31	-0.22
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	0.06	0.27	0.07	0.26	0.02	0.05
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	-0.08	-0.11	-0.18	-0.23	-0.16	-0.29
Light Truck Drivers	0.28	0.03	-0.05	-0.17	0.06	0.10
Loan Officers	-0.11	-0.10	0.02	0.09	0.24	0.11
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	-0.05	-0.24	-0.13	-0.11	0.09	-0.10
Logisticians	0.01	0.01	-0.06	-0.03	0.08	0.09
Logistics Analysts	0.04	0.00	0.02	0.04	0.25	0.15
Machinists	0.41	0.16	-0.07	-0.09	0.09	0.22
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	0.50	0.12	-0.07	-0.24	-0.04	0.02
Management Analysts	0.01	0.08	0.15	0.09	0.26	0.10
Manicurists and Pedicurists	-0.27	-0.12	-0.02	0.03	0.02	-0.02
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	-0.06	-0.02	0.12	0.02	0.29	-0.02
Marketing Managers	-0.01	-0.01	0.24	0.10	0.38	-0.07
Marriage and Family Therapists	-0.16	0.01	0.35	0.46	0.03	-0.20
Massage Therapists	-0.08	0.12	0.34	0.21	-0.06	-0.24
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	0.17	0.35	0.04	0.10	-0.07	0.33
Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians	0.54	0.25	-0.12	-0.36	-0.14	0.14
Mechanical Engineers	0.58	0.41	0.05	-0.11	0.09	0.24
Media Programming Directors	-0.31	-0.14	0.22	0.38	0.07	-0.25
Medical Assistants	-0.18	0.12	-0.04	0.17	-0.11	-0.05
Medical Records Specialists	-0.17	0.02	0.05	0.17	0.00	-0.02
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.18	0.72	0.26	0.15	-0.07	0.05
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	-0.37	-0.09	-0.02	0.13	-0.14	-0.08
Medical Transcriptionists	-0.31	0.02	-0.12	0.02	-0.17	-0.05
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.05	0.44	0.06	0.09	-0.13	0.00
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	-0.04	0.45	-0.01	0.06	-0.15	0.01
Medical and Health Services Managers	-0.03	0.24	0.24	0.39	0.24	0.05
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	-0.40	-0.32	0.10	0.05	0.13	-0.32
Mental Health Counselors	-0.17	0.05	0.33	0.52	0.05	-0.20
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	-0.31	-0.09	0.20	0.50	-0.08	-0.27
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	-0.20	-0.24	0.21	-0.07	0.13	-0.21
Microbiologists	0.16	0.65	0.15	-0.01	-0.19	-0.02
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	-0.27	-0.09	0.19	0.52	-0.06	-0.25
Models	-0.38	-0.27	-0.03	-0.09	0.04	-0.29
Molecular and Cellular Biologists	0.25	0.70	0.26	0.07	-0.02	0.14
Music Directors and Composers	0.05	-0.02	0.44	0.13	0.07	-0.11
Musicians and Singers	0.05	0.10	0.50	0.11	0.03	-0.09
Nannies	-0.33	-0.20	0.01	0.17	-0.04	-0.24
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	0.43	0.29	0.12	-0.06	0.04	0.30
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	-0.14	-0.07	0.35	0.03	0.03	-0.21
Nurse Practitioners	0.03	0.24	0.09	0.13	0.02	0.02
Nursing Assistants	-0.08	0.13	-0.07	0.15	-0.10	-0.03
Occupational Therapists	-0.21	-0.06	0.03	0.14	-0.10	-0.30
Office Clerks, General	-0.45	-0.30	-0.07	0.06	-0.15	-0.08
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	0.40	-0.05	-0.31	-0.38	-0.04	-0.07
Operations Research Analysts	0.24	0.38	0.00	-0.04	0.01	0.33
Orderlies	-0.04	0.13	0.00	0.18	-0.02	0.03
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	0.17	-0.01	-0.23	-0.14	-0.06	0.12
Packers and Packagers, Hand	0.15	-0.03	-0.15	-0.21	-0.05	0.06
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	0.42	0.06	-0.02	-0.13	0.02	-0.05
Parking Attendants	0.19	-0.08	-0.32	-0.39	-0.04	0.06
Parts Salespersons	0.10	-0.17	-0.31	-0.26	0.08	0.01
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	-0.24	-0.14	-0.05	0.16	-0.02	0.27
Pediatricians, General	0.05	0.35	0.06	0.07	-0.16	-0.10
Personal Care Aides	-0.30	-0.12	-0.03	0.24	-0.22	-0.19
Personal Financial Advisors	0.17	0.12	0.16	0.20	0.43	0.30
Pharmacists	0.07	0.33	0.03	0.03	0.02	0.12
Pharmacy Aides	-0.23	0.10	-0.23	-0.10	-0.22	-0.07
Pharmacy Technicians	-0.20	0.17	-0.13	-0.01	-0.17	-0.01
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.08	0.27	0.42	0.36	-0.02	-0.09
Phlebotomists	0.04	0.24	-0.01	0.10	0.00	0.03
Photographers	0.05	0.04	0.37	0.08	0.07	-0.14
Physical Therapist Aides	0.00	0.09	0.03	0.13	-0.01	-0.16
Physical Therapist Assistants	-0.11	-0.06	-0.10	0.01	-0.18	-0.23
Physical Therapists	0.04	0.16	-0.01	-0.02	-0.06	-0.10
Physician Assistants	-0.06	0.31	0.07	0.12	-0.18	-0.15
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	0.52	0.08	-0.15	-0.24	0.04	0.10
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	0.32	0.15	0.00	0.10	0.07	0.05
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.30	-0.14	0.11	0.38	-0.08	-0.19
Printing Press Operators	0.35	0.05	0.02	-0.05	0.12	0.19
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	-0.11	-0.12	-0.02	0.27	-0.03	-0.13
Procurement Clerks	-0.08	-0.06	0.00	0.01	0.11	0.17
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	-0.13	-0.15	-0.07	-0.01	0.06	0.04
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	-0.01	-0.07	0.09	0.20	0.35	0.07
Psychiatric Aides	-0.22	0.04	0.21	0.45	-0.05	-0.23
Psychiatric Technicians	-0.05	0.19	0.25	0.34	0.00	-0.20
Psychiatrists	-0.21	0.03	0.19	0.17	-0.16	-0.38
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.15	0.20	0.30	0.29	-0.12	-0.20
Public Relations Managers	-0.20	-0.17	0.35	0.20	0.30	-0.21
Public Relations Specialists	-0.24	-0.11	0.42	0.21	0.21	-0.23
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	-0.07	-0.11	-0.01	0.01	0.26	0.04
Purchasing Managers	0.20	0.05	0.11	0.13	0.48	0.16
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	0.00	0.24	-0.02	0.06	-0.08	0.05
Real Estate Brokers	-0.02	-0.08	0.14	0.11	0.55	-0.01
Real Estate Sales Agents	-0.14	-0.18	0.14	0.16	0.51	-0.02
Receptionists and Information Clerks	-0.52	-0.30	-0.04	0.11	-0.16	-0.19
Recreation Workers	-0.13	-0.16	-0.12	-0.02	0.02	-0.17
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.10	-0.20	-0.06	0.12	-0.08	-0.34
Registered Nurses	0.06	0.30	0.18	0.23	0.03	0.02
Rehabilitation Counselors	-0.22	-0.06	0.26	0.56	0.02	-0.17
Residential Advisors	-0.39	-0.25	0.07	0.35	-0.07	-0.29
Retail Salespersons	-0.17	-0.15	-0.05	-0.05	0.11	-0.12
Sales Engineers	0.32	0.16	0.12	0.04	0.53	0.10
Sales Managers	0.06	-0.02	0.10	0.18	0.61	0.12
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	-0.09	-0.08	0.01	0.07	0.31	-0.02
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.08	-0.03	0.12	0.06	0.51	-0.02
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.17	0.04	0.14	0.09	0.55	0.00
School Psychologists	-0.50	-0.18	0.06	0.22	-0.25	-0.50
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	-0.04	0.08	0.27	0.52	0.10	-0.04
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	-0.50	-0.31	0.00	0.14	-0.15	-0.15
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.07	0.02	0.06	0.14	0.46	0.23
Security Guards	0.20	0.05	0.01	0.05	0.03	0.06
Self-Enrichment Teachers	-0.13	-0.04	0.20	0.31	0.02	-0.17
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	-0.11	-0.14	-0.25	-0.12	-0.15	0.07
Skincare Specialists	-0.34	-0.12	0.06	0.05	0.07	-0.15
Social Science Research Assistants	-0.18	0.17	0.24	0.16	-0.11	-0.18
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.29	-0.13	0.22	0.63	0.14	-0.13
Social and Community Service Managers	-0.10	-0.04	0.20	0.35	0.11	-0.08
Social and Human Service Assistants	-0.27	-0.12	0.11	0.33	-0.04	-0.13
Software Developers	0.47	0.43	0.16	-0.05	0.07	0.43
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	-0.21	-0.09	0.10	0.43	-0.04	-0.14
Special Education Teachers, Middle School	-0.27	-0.15	0.08	0.48	-0.11	-0.22
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	-0.26	-0.14	0.13	0.49	-0.14	-0.29
Special Effects Artists and Animators	-0.03	-0.08	0.30	-0.15	-0.10	-0.10
Statisticians	0.28	0.45	0.26	0.17	0.18	0.43
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	-0.09	0.04	0.26	0.50	0.08	-0.16
Surgical Technologists	0.18	0.36	0.03	0.17	-0.03	0.05
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	-0.41	-0.32	-0.15	0.04	-0.09	-0.08
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	0.18	-0.07	-0.22	-0.27	0.01	0.02
Tax Preparers	0.05	0.08	0.06	0.12	0.14	0.43
Taxi Drivers	0.28	0.17	0.09	0.15	0.33	0.24
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	-0.21	-0.03	0.24	0.41	0.03	-0.17
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	-0.34	-0.17	0.05	0.34	-0.16	-0.22
Team Assemblers	0.06	-0.15	-0.23	-0.14	-0.10	0.03
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	0.53	0.23	-0.12	-0.17	0.03	0.34
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	0.49	0.21	-0.04	-0.09	0.05	0.21
Telemarketers	-0.31	-0.32	-0.07	0.05	0.20	-0.15
Telephone Operators	-0.43	-0.29	-0.11	-0.03	-0.11	-0.11
Tellers	-0.29	-0.15	-0.01	0.08	-0.04	0.01
Tire Builders	0.08	-0.08	-0.23	-0.18	-0.12	0.05
Tire Repairers and Changers	0.48	0.10	-0.22	-0.28	-0.02	0.08
Training and Development Managers	-0.25	-0.15	0.23	0.29	0.23	-0.18
Training and Development Specialists	-0.24	-0.13	0.25	0.32	0.19	-0.17
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	0.21	0.00	-0.10	-0.03	0.20	0.12
Travel Agents	-0.13	-0.07	0.19	0.26	0.38	0.06
Tutors	-0.41	-0.11	0.00	0.09	-0.30	-0.30
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	-0.01	-0.21	-0.28	-0.17	0.00	-0.10
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	-0.15	-0.21	-0.10	-0.09	-0.01	-0.14
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	-0.21	0.08	-0.15	-0.25	-0.39	-0.30
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	-0.01	0.28	0.07	-0.05	-0.14	-0.14
Waiters and Waitresses	-0.18	-0.12	-0.02	0.01	0.06	-0.14
Web Developers	0.19	0.16	0.07	-0.18	-0.03	0.24
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	-0.17	-0.22	-0.17	-0.12	0.18	0.00

Correlations with BISs

Correlations of occupational similarity scales with holdover BISs are reported in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Occupation scales: Top 10 positive correlations with each BIS

BIS	Occupation similarity scale	r
Mechanics & Construction	Mechanical Engineers	0.65
Mechanics & Construction	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.64
Mechanics & Construction	Electricians	0.64
Mechanics & Construction	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.64
Mechanics & Construction	Civil Engineers	0.63
Mechanics & Construction	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.60
Mechanics & Construction	Aerospace Engineers	0.59
Mechanics & Construction	Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians	0.59
Mechanics & Construction	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	0.59
Mechanics & Construction	Industrial Engineers	0.57
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	0.73
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Information Security Analysts	0.66
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	0.66
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	0.66
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Software Developers	0.65
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	0.65
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.62
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer User Support Specialists	0.61
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer Network Architects	0.60
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.58
Military	Command and Control Center Officers	0.75
Military	Infantry	0.67
Military	Air Crew Officers	0.59
Military	Air Crew Members	0.49
Military	Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	0.45
Military	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.43
Military	Command and Control Center Specialists	0.38
Military	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.36
Military	Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	0.34
Military	Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	0.34
Protective Services	Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	0.67
Protective Services	Infantry	0.63
Protective Services	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.60
Protective Services	Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.56
Protective Services	Security Guards	0.51
Protective Services	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.50
Protective Services	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.48
Protective Services	Command and Control Center Officers	0.48
Protective Services	Surgical Technologists	0.41
Protective Services	Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	0.41
Nature & Agriculture	Forest and Conservation Workers	0.62
Nature & Agriculture	Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	0.52
Nature & Agriculture	Agricultural Equipment Operators	0.47
Nature & Agriculture	Command and Control Center Officers	0.46
Nature & Agriculture	Landscape Architects	0.41
Nature & Agriculture	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.40
Nature & Agriculture	First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	0.37
Nature & Agriculture	Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	0.37
Nature & Agriculture	Air Crew Officers	0.37
Nature & Agriculture	Construction Managers	0.36
Athletics	Athletes and Sports Competitors	0.64
Athletics	Coaches and Scouts	0.61
Athletics	Athletic Trainers	0.54
Athletics	Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	0.53
Athletics	Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	0.51
Athletics	Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	0.50
Athletics	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.46
Athletics	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.42
Athletics	Construction Managers	0.39
Athletics	First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	0.38
Science	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.73
Science	Chemists	0.71
Science	Biologists	0.67
Science	Microbiologists	0.63
Science	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.62
Science	Chemical Engineers	0.61
Science	Molecular and Cellular Biologists	0.61
Science	Aerospace Engineers	0.56
Science	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.54
Science	Biological Technicians	0.52
Research	Statisticians	0.68
Research	Operations Research Analysts	0.49
Research	Chemical Engineers	0.47
Research	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.46
Research	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.46
Research	Software Developers	0.43
Research	Aerospace Engineers	0.43
Research	Molecular and Cellular Biologists	0.43
Research	Chemists	0.43
Research	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.41
Medical Science	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.61
Medical Science	Molecular and Cellular Biologists	0.56
Medical Science	Surgical Technologists	0.56
Medical Science	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.54
Medical Science	Family Medicine Physicians	0.54
Medical Science	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.50
Medical Science	Biologists	0.49
Medical Science	Physician Assistants	0.49
Medical Science	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	0.49
Medical Science	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.45
Mathematics	Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	0.80
Mathematics	Chemical Engineers	0.71
Mathematics	Statisticians	0.70
Mathematics	Aerospace Engineers	0.66
Mathematics	Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	0.64
Mathematics	Industrial Engineers	0.60
Mathematics	Civil Engineers	0.59
Mathematics	Mechanical Engineers	0.59
Mathematics	Software Developers	0.54
Mathematics	Operations Research Analysts	0.52
Visual Arts & Design	Art Directors	0.59
Visual Arts & Design	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	0.58
Visual Arts & Design	Graphic Designers	0.58
Visual Arts & Design	Craft Artists	0.53
Visual Arts & Design	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Visual Arts & Design	Photographers	0.45
Visual Arts & Design	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.44
Visual Arts & Design	Architectural and Civil Drafters	0.42
Visual Arts & Design	Special Effects Artists and Animators	0.42
Visual Arts & Design	Editors	0.42
Performing Arts	Musicians and Singers	0.68
Performing Arts	Actors	0.64
Performing Arts	Music Directors and Composers	0.58
Performing Arts	Dancers	0.53
Performing Arts	Choreographers	0.50
Performing Arts	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.47
Performing Arts	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Performing Arts	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.41
Performing Arts	Marriage and Family Therapists	0.40
Performing Arts	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	0.39
Writing & Mass Communication	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.70
Writing & Mass Communication	Editors	0.67
Writing & Mass Communication	News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	0.55
Writing & Mass Communication	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.50
Writing & Mass Communication	Public Relations Specialists	0.48
Writing & Mass Communication	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Writing & Mass Communication	Public Relations Managers	0.38
Writing & Mass Communication	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	0.35
Writing & Mass Communication	Lawyers	0.34
Writing & Mass Communication	Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	0.34
Culinary Arts	Chefs and Head Cooks	0.42
Culinary Arts	Medical and Health Services Managers	0.26
Culinary Arts	Cooks, Restaurant	0.25
Culinary Arts	Marriage and Family Therapists	0.24
Culinary Arts	Massage Therapists	0.23
Culinary Arts	Fundraisers	0.22
Culinary Arts	Training and Development Specialists	0.22
Culinary Arts	Financial Risk Specialists	0.22
Culinary Arts	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.22
Culinary Arts	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.22
Counseling & Helping	Mental Health Counselors	0.74
Counseling & Helping	Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	0.73
Counseling & Helping	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.72
Counseling & Helping	Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	0.70
Counseling & Helping	Rehabilitation Counselors	0.68
Counseling & Helping	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.67
Counseling & Helping	Psychiatric Aides	0.67
Counseling & Helping	Marriage and Family Therapists	0.66
Counseling & Helping	Healthcare Social Workers	0.62
Counseling & Helping	Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	0.58
Teaching & Education	Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	0.62
Teaching & Education	Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	0.60
Teaching & Education	Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	0.56
Teaching & Education	Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.55
Teaching & Education	Special Education Teachers, Middle School	0.55
Teaching & Education	Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	0.54
Teaching & Education	Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.51
Teaching & Education	Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	0.49
Teaching & Education	Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	0.48
Teaching & Education	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	0.47
Human Resources & Training	Human Resources Managers	0.59
Human Resources & Training	Human Resources Specialists	0.49
Human Resources & Training	Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	0.48
Human Resources & Training	Training and Development Specialists	0.45
Human Resources & Training	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Human Resources & Training	Training and Development Managers	0.42
Human Resources & Training	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	0.42
Human Resources & Training	Medical and Health Services Managers	0.39
Human Resources & Training	Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	0.39
Human Resources & Training	Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	0.38
Social Sciences	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.52
Social Sciences	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.50
Social Sciences	Mental Health Counselors	0.48
Social Sciences	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.47
Social Sciences	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.46
Social Sciences	Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Social Sciences	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	0.42
Social Sciences	Education Administrators, Postsecondary	0.41
Social Sciences	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.41
Social Sciences	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	0.41
Religion & Spirituality	Clergy	0.77
Religion & Spirituality	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	0.77
Religion & Spirituality	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.60
Religion & Spirituality	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.28
Religion & Spirituality	Music Directors and Composers	0.25
Religion & Spirituality	Marriage and Family Therapists	0.23
Religion & Spirituality	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.22
Religion & Spirituality	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	0.21
Religion & Spirituality	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.20
Religion & Spirituality	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.20
Healthcare Services	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	0.71
Healthcare Services	Surgical Technologists	0.66
Healthcare Services	Registered Nurses	0.60
Healthcare Services	Orderlies	0.60
Healthcare Services	Nursing Assistants	0.59
Healthcare Services	Home Health Aides	0.56
Healthcare Services	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.55
Healthcare Services	Medical Assistants	0.55
Healthcare Services	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.53
Healthcare Services	Physician Assistants	0.49
Marketing & Advertising	Marketing Managers	0.59
Marketing & Advertising	Advertising Sales Agents	0.54
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Managers	0.53
Marketing & Advertising	Chief Executives	0.52
Marketing & Advertising	Real Estate Brokers	0.51
Marketing & Advertising	Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	0.50
Marketing & Advertising	Public Relations Managers	0.48
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.48
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.45
Marketing & Advertising	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.45
Sales	Sales Managers	0.55
Sales	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.55
Sales	Sales Engineers	0.52
Sales	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.49
Sales	Insurance Sales Agents	0.47
Sales	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.43
Sales	Real Estate Brokers	0.39
Sales	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.39
Sales	Personal Financial Advisors	0.36
Sales	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	0.35
Management	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.40
Management	Medical and Health Services Managers	0.37
Management	Human Resources Managers	0.36
Management	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	0.36
Management	Purchasing Managers	0.33
Management	General and Operations Managers	0.32
Management	Sales Managers	0.30
Management	Food Service Managers	0.30
Management	First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	0.30
Management	Administrative Services Managers	0.29
Entrepreneurship	Chief Executives	0.61
Entrepreneurship	Real Estate Brokers	0.59
Entrepreneurship	Sales Managers	0.52
Entrepreneurship	General and Operations Managers	0.50
Entrepreneurship	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.50
Entrepreneurship	Taxi Drivers	0.50
Entrepreneurship	Personal Financial Advisors	0.48
Entrepreneurship	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.48
Entrepreneurship	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.47
Entrepreneurship	Purchasing Managers	0.46
Politics & Public Speaking	Chief Executives	0.39
Politics & Public Speaking	Lawyers	0.37
Politics & Public Speaking	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.30
Politics & Public Speaking	Air Crew Officers	0.30
Politics & Public Speaking	Command and Control Center Officers	0.29
Politics & Public Speaking	Clergy	0.24
Politics & Public Speaking	Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	0.22
Politics & Public Speaking	Sales Engineers	0.21
Politics & Public Speaking	Public Relations Managers	0.19
Politics & Public Speaking	Sales Managers	0.18
Law	Lawyers	0.55
Law	Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	0.36
Law	Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	0.32
Law	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.31
Law	Chief Executives	0.28
Law	Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	0.28
Law	Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	0.23
Law	Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.23
Law	Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	0.21
Law	Psychiatric Technicians	0.18
Office Management	Customer Service Representatives	0.55
Office Management	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	0.53
Office Management	Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	0.51
Office Management	Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	0.49
Office Management	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	0.48
Office Management	Receptionists and Information Clerks	0.48
Office Management	Office Clerks, General	0.48
Office Management	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	0.47
Office Management	Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	0.46
Office Management	Bill and Account Collectors	0.43
Taxes & Accounting	Tax Preparers	0.64
Taxes & Accounting	Accountants and Auditors	0.57
Taxes & Accounting	Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	0.56
Taxes & Accounting	Statisticians	0.55
Taxes & Accounting	Financial Managers	0.52
Taxes & Accounting	Budget Analysts	0.49
Taxes & Accounting	Chemical Engineers	0.46
Taxes & Accounting	Financial and Investment Analysts	0.43
Taxes & Accounting	Software Developers	0.43
Taxes & Accounting	Operations Research Analysts	0.40
Programming & Information Systems	Software Developers	0.84
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Programmers	0.79
Programming & Information Systems	Information Security Analysts	0.77
Programming & Information Systems	Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.69
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Systems Analysts	0.67
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Systems Engineers/Architects	0.67
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Network Architects	0.66
Programming & Information Systems	Web Developers	0.65
Programming & Information Systems	Database Administrators	0.64
Programming & Information Systems	Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	0.64
Finance & Investing	Personal Financial Advisors	0.48
Finance & Investing	Financial and Investment Analysts	0.46
Finance & Investing	Financial Managers	0.45
Finance & Investing	Credit Analysts	0.39
Finance & Investing	Financial Examiners	0.37
Finance & Investing	Statisticians	0.37
Finance & Investing	Budget Analysts	0.34
Finance & Investing	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.34
Finance & Investing	Chief Executives	0.33
Finance & Investing	Software Developers	0.32

Group differences

Gender

Gender differences on each occupational similarity scale are reported in Table 5.4.

Table 5.4: Occupation scales: Gender differences

Occupation	Female mean	Female SD	Male mean	Male SD	d
Accountants and Auditors	29.39	12.29	29.24	10.57	0.01
Actors	22.98	12.38	23.32	11.85	-0.03
Administrative Services Managers	35.64	14.22	30.72	10.40	0.39
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	33.23	11.84	28.59	9.64	0.43
Advertising Sales Agents	31.92	10.07	31.93	9.53	0.00
Aerospace Engineers	18.68	9.63	27.25	10.74	-0.84
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	31.79	9.39	34.54	8.96	-0.30
Agricultural Equipment Operators	29.17	6.51	33.63	6.71	-0.67
Air Crew Members	28.12	7.84	34.46	9.14	-0.74
Air Crew Officers	15.36	10.06	26.06	11.77	-0.98
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	23.59	8.62	33.09	10.53	-0.99
Amusement and Recreation Attendants	30.95	10.57	31.45	9.88	-0.05
Animal Caretakers	31.99	9.71	27.98	8.54	0.44
Animal Scientists	27.26	8.65	25.28	7.69	0.24
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	32.88	9.55	34.66	9.01	-0.19
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	29.91	8.95	33.31	8.35	-0.39
Architectural and Civil Drafters	25.96	10.11	30.23	10.10	-0.42
Art Directors	28.53	9.22	28.26	8.36	0.03
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	26.83	11.11	24.78	10.17	0.19
Athletes and Sports Competitors	19.88	11.89	25.86	12.27	-0.49
Athletic Trainers	28.39	9.04	29.32	8.37	-0.11
Audio and Video Technicians	29.40	7.92	33.54	8.59	-0.50
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	24.88	7.88	31.99	9.41	-0.82
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	16.27	8.59	24.53	10.52	-0.86
Baristas	30.74	11.28	28.43	9.69	0.22
Bill and Account Collectors	34.61	11.72	28.88	8.72	0.55
Billing and Posting Clerks	33.52	11.09	28.15	8.34	0.55
Biochemists and Biophysicists	22.62	10.18	23.69	9.80	-0.11
Biological Technicians	29.06	8.49	27.84	7.72	0.15
Biologists	17.54	12.62	18.26	11.60	-0.06
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	33.32	12.30	27.27	9.21	0.56
Broadcast Announcers and Radio Disc Jockeys	28.48	7.90	29.27	7.92	-0.10
Budget Analysts	31.37	11.96	31.09	10.12	0.03
Bus Drivers, School	32.59	11.19	30.23	8.87	0.23
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	31.99	12.03	33.29	10.48	-0.12
Business Continuity Planners	34.75	8.85	34.75	8.29	0.00
Business Intelligence Analysts	26.98	10.21	30.43	10.01	-0.34
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	31.55	10.54	30.90	9.69	0.06
Camera Operators, Television, Video, and Film	30.06	8.31	32.61	8.52	-0.30
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	32.13	12.20	28.93	10.51	0.28
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	29.22	11.35	24.17	9.14	0.49
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	26.81	12.69	23.48	10.62	0.28
Carpenters	25.33	8.56	32.97	9.49	-0.85
Cashiers	28.47	13.12	27.38	11.30	0.09
Chefs and Head Cooks	30.16	10.32	33.73	10.48	-0.34
Chemical Engineers	23.71	9.24	27.45	9.33	-0.40
Chemists	17.13	11.84	19.80	11.59	-0.23
Chief Executives	29.87	9.25	34.42	9.78	-0.48
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	34.65	10.77	28.91	7.85	0.61
Childcare Workers	27.79	11.98	23.77	9.21	0.38
Choreographers	21.06	10.96	13.87	9.33	0.71
Civil Engineers	19.72	11.19	27.96	11.40	-0.73
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	31.88	14.93	30.28	12.43	0.12
Clergy	15.86	11.79	18.48	12.16	-0.22
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	21.83	14.57	17.26	12.35	0.34
Coaches and Scouts	29.05	10.30	30.41	10.15	-0.13
Command and Control Center Officers	26.47	8.72	33.15	9.85	-0.72
Command and Control Center Specialists	29.51	8.71	32.59	9.41	-0.34
Communications Teachers, Postsecondary	33.52	9.52	30.61	8.40	0.32
Community Health Workers	33.70	10.14	29.28	8.00	0.48
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	33.37	13.97	28.57	10.38	0.39
Computer Network Architects	31.59	7.71	36.56	8.39	-0.62
Computer Programmers	25.34	9.44	29.77	10.13	-0.45
Computer Systems Analysts	29.52	9.96	33.12	10.44	-0.35
Computer Systems Engineers/Architects	16.53	10.46	25.27	11.78	-0.78
Computer User Support Specialists	30.02	8.21	32.89	9.21	-0.33
Computer and Information Research Scientists	31.04	8.11	35.89	8.87	-0.57
Computer and Information Systems Managers	26.94	10.45	31.91	10.94	-0.46
Computer, Automated Teller, and Office Machine Repairers	26.64	7.76	32.42	9.01	-0.69
Concierges	33.61	10.21	31.55	8.88	0.22
Construction Laborers	24.08	9.07	32.95	10.38	-0.91
Construction Managers	23.39	10.51	30.95	11.69	-0.68
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	34.76	10.87	31.83	8.76	0.30
Cooks, Restaurant	30.22	10.20	34.43	10.80	-0.40
Cooks, Short Order	30.89	10.08	32.49	10.15	-0.16
Correctional Officers and Jailers	31.69	8.02	32.18	7.87	-0.06
Counter and Rental Clerks	31.58	13.39	29.87	11.75	0.14
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	33.51	8.93	30.66	8.16	0.33
Craft Artists	31.58	9.27	28.55	8.45	0.34
Credit Analysts	31.42	11.96	33.57	11.03	-0.19
Customer Service Representatives	37.39	13.15	30.27	9.35	0.62
Dancers	25.00	11.23	18.26	9.54	0.65
Data Entry Keyers	34.77	12.33	28.32	9.20	0.59
Database Administrators	32.89	8.64	34.61	8.63	-0.20
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	34.01	10.80	33.31	9.46	0.07
Dental Assistants	24.93	11.41	21.21	9.07	0.36
Dental Hygienists	31.03	9.23	26.69	7.65	0.51
Dentists, General	21.99	11.33	22.08	9.76	-0.01
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	30.57	8.45	33.01	8.55	-0.29
Dietitians and Nutritionists	30.75	9.50	25.09	7.80	0.65
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	18.31	11.26	17.65	11.48	0.06
Driver/Sales Workers	27.15	11.20	34.41	12.00	-0.63
Editors	22.66	12.33	20.41	10.80	0.19
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	29.44	12.89	27.56	11.04	0.16
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	28.34	13.01	25.21	10.61	0.26
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	34.66	11.45	29.69	8.96	0.48
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	32.58	11.01	25.80	7.95	0.71
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	30.30	13.01	24.17	10.13	0.53
Electrical Engineers	18.09	10.59	24.77	11.96	-0.59
Electrical Power-Line Installers and Repairers	20.92	9.94	32.04	11.63	-1.03
Electrical and Electronic Equipment Assemblers	29.92	10.39	32.31	10.28	-0.23
Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment	24.69	8.59	33.68	10.06	-0.96
Electricians	22.97	8.17	32.44	10.19	-1.03
Electronics Engineers, Except Computer	22.68	7.74	30.21	8.86	-0.91
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	28.61	11.89	23.88	9.58	0.44
Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs	31.38	10.28	28.99	8.50	0.25
Emergency Medical Technicians	24.82	9.74	27.23	8.74	-0.26
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	28.52	10.33	24.94	9.34	0.36
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	24.95	10.96	27.54	9.62	-0.25
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	31.79	14.88	21.92	10.84	0.76
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	31.07	10.77	30.82	9.74	0.02
Family Medicine Physicians	31.91	8.59	32.36	7.61	-0.06
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	30.56	8.04	32.65	8.11	-0.26
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	23.11	8.90	24.60	8.72	-0.17
Fashion Designers	28.95	9.10	25.51	8.45	0.39
File Clerks	33.94	11.76	27.65	9.58	0.59
Film and Video Editors	28.85	8.17	29.91	8.10	-0.13
Financial Examiners	30.09	12.74	32.44	11.92	-0.19
Financial Managers	30.77	10.86	33.25	10.29	-0.23
Financial Risk Specialists	33.13	13.49	31.50	10.83	0.13
Financial and Investment Analysts	28.57	12.21	31.66	11.43	-0.26
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	27.02	9.70	25.77	9.21	0.13
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	23.40	10.15	32.72	11.95	-0.84
First-Line Supervisors of Farming, Fishing, and Forestry Workers	29.08	8.46	29.51	8.12	-0.05
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	34.88	11.80	33.10	10.09	0.16
First-Line Supervisors of Housekeeping and Janitorial Workers	30.62	11.52	33.09	10.80	-0.22
First-Line Supervisors of Landscaping, Lawn Service, and Groundskeeping Workers	24.59	9.14	32.38	10.77	-0.78
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	28.27	11.23	36.15	12.33	-0.67
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	29.65	7.49	37.62	9.53	-0.93
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	33.62	11.82	34.31	10.88	-0.06
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	35.90	14.29	28.41	10.28	0.60
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	34.39	12.93	31.74	10.78	0.22
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	28.33	10.71	36.66	11.77	-0.74
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	35.80	11.11	33.24	9.28	0.25
Fishing and Hunting Workers	28.02	7.33	31.36	7.89	-0.44
Floral Designers	31.67	10.07	23.43	8.64	0.88
Food Preparation Workers	31.08	11.58	31.46	10.89	-0.03
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	31.10	11.76	29.63	10.25	0.13
Food Service Managers	32.66	12.10	32.99	10.80	-0.03
Foreign Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	27.70	11.95	21.11	10.37	0.59
Forest and Conservation Workers	29.23	8.16	32.66	7.99	-0.42
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	31.72	11.01	29.92	9.33	0.18
Fundraisers	28.14	12.12	25.91	9.97	0.20
General Internal Medicine Physicians	29.69	8.29	30.92	7.83	-0.15
General and Operations Managers	30.18	13.03	33.99	12.52	-0.30
Graphic Designers	24.35	11.25	23.78	10.68	0.05
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	32.77	12.52	23.30	9.30	0.86
Health Education Specialists	32.85	10.78	29.33	8.61	0.36
Health Specialties Teachers, Postsecondary	32.17	9.18	31.49	8.22	0.08
Healthcare Social Workers	35.48	10.76	29.54	8.03	0.63
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	24.44	9.88	33.78	11.13	-0.89
Helpers--Carpenters	24.70	8.78	33.06	10.13	-0.88
Helpers--Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	28.06	8.31	35.10	9.51	-0.79
Home Health Aides	33.45	10.75	28.70	8.10	0.50
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	28.51	11.84	25.43	10.15	0.28
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	32.47	10.99	25.53	8.97	0.69
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	34.08	13.42	25.51	9.63	0.73
Human Resources Managers	30.55	12.34	27.45	9.96	0.28
Human Resources Specialists	31.98	12.47	29.41	9.75	0.23
Industrial Engineers	26.11	8.02	33.34	8.88	-0.85
Industrial-Organizational Psychologists	22.79	9.91	23.74	9.08	-0.10
Infantry	23.17	8.13	29.16	9.09	-0.69
Information Security Analysts	28.72	8.68	32.93	9.51	-0.46
Information Technology Project Managers	27.42	11.34	30.78	11.59	-0.29
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	27.00	13.31	31.46	12.34	-0.35
Instructional Coordinators	34.26	13.73	30.24	10.77	0.33
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	32.90	13.21	25.88	9.77	0.60
Insurance Sales Agents	20.90	10.88	23.14	11.03	-0.20
Insurance Underwriters	30.06	14.03	30.01	12.08	0.00
Interior Designers	28.05	9.53	23.17	8.07	0.55
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	33.31	10.63	28.60	8.67	0.49
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	29.58	9.98	23.51	8.11	0.67
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	29.00	9.61	35.80	10.52	-0.67
Landscape Architects	28.83	9.80	31.99	9.57	-0.33
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	25.44	9.91	32.60	10.42	-0.70
Lawyers	21.02	12.08	22.68	11.28	-0.14
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	35.80	10.01	31.71	8.69	0.44
Library Technicians	35.83	10.29	30.19	8.82	0.59
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	23.11	11.84	20.29	9.40	0.26
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	28.57	10.64	30.79	10.21	-0.21
Light Truck Drivers	28.21	10.69	33.68	11.76	-0.49
Loan Officers	33.51	11.20	33.10	10.22	0.04
Locker Room, Coatroom, and Dressing Room Attendants	30.49	9.63	31.63	9.53	-0.12
Logisticians	33.40	12.17	36.15	11.28	-0.23
Logistics Analysts	31.74	10.25	32.96	8.71	-0.13
Machinists	23.38	9.95	29.39	10.87	-0.58
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	25.64	8.78	33.73	10.10	-0.85
Management Analysts	31.86	12.12	34.59	11.31	-0.23
Manicurists and Pedicurists	32.15	10.09	26.15	8.07	0.66
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	27.89	10.47	28.83	9.51	-0.09
Marketing Managers	25.57	12.76	27.17	11.23	-0.13
Marriage and Family Therapists	23.65	12.80	19.12	10.90	0.38
Massage Therapists	31.17	9.89	26.55	8.12	0.51
Mathematical Science Teachers, Postsecondary	21.96	10.74	24.18	10.66	-0.21
Mechanical Engineering Technologists and Technicians	23.86	7.75	31.09	9.25	-0.85
Mechanical Engineers	18.84	9.57	28.52	11.00	-0.94
Media Programming Directors	32.57	12.18	28.59	9.46	0.36
Medical Assistants	31.46	9.60	26.96	7.29	0.53
Medical Records Specialists	34.93	8.91	31.38	7.06	0.44
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	26.17	9.43	25.60	8.77	0.06
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	30.48	12.23	21.27	8.63	0.87
Medical Transcriptionists	34.05	9.91	28.51	7.40	0.63
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	31.28	9.93	29.24	7.82	0.23
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	31.90	8.91	29.07	7.45	0.34
Medical and Health Services Managers	32.05	11.28	29.60	8.53	0.25
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	32.57	11.67	27.52	8.90	0.49
Mental Health Counselors	22.45	15.11	16.35	12.65	0.44
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	28.34	12.41	22.11	9.78	0.56
Merchandise Displayers and Window Trimmers	33.36	8.18	31.11	7.25	0.29
Microbiologists	21.22	10.48	21.31	9.57	-0.01
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	31.58	12.07	27.32	10.03	0.38
Models	30.56	9.03	28.20	8.51	0.27
Molecular and Cellular Biologists	16.61	10.61	17.08	9.95	-0.05
Music Directors and Composers	20.51	11.55	21.41	11.48	-0.08
Musicians and Singers	19.96	13.79	20.06	13.83	-0.01
Nannies	26.55	12.19	20.58	9.08	0.56
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	22.18	9.46	27.01	10.45	-0.48
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	24.04	10.57	23.89	9.77	0.01
Nurse Practitioners	25.43	10.05	24.46	8.58	0.10
Nursing Assistants	24.95	10.65	21.41	8.46	0.37
Occupational Therapists	28.20	10.39	25.05	8.84	0.33
Office Clerks, General	36.58	12.44	28.65	9.08	0.73
Operating Engineers and Other Construction Equipment Operators	26.25	6.64	32.26	8.10	-0.81
Operations Research Analysts	32.54	8.17	34.95	8.54	-0.29
Orderlies	26.61	11.21	23.90	8.88	0.27
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	28.18	11.68	31.85	11.64	-0.31
Packers and Packagers, Hand	26.59	11.25	31.78	11.50	-0.46
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	28.76	10.03	35.50	10.68	-0.65
Parking Attendants	28.83	8.46	34.83	9.15	-0.68
Parts Salespersons	28.82	10.29	33.10	11.01	-0.40
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	32.85	11.71	27.17	9.01	0.54
Pediatricians, General	28.39	8.75	28.37	7.77	0.00
Personal Care Aides	35.84	10.24	29.90	7.60	0.66
Personal Financial Advisors	26.92	9.19	29.75	9.27	-0.31
Pharmacists	29.82	9.83	29.47	8.72	0.04
Pharmacy Aides	34.58	9.19	32.26	7.37	0.28
Pharmacy Technicians	34.00	9.07	30.88	7.24	0.38
Philosophy and Religion Teachers, Postsecondary	24.67	9.13	25.27	9.11	-0.07
Phlebotomists	24.02	11.03	22.20	9.22	0.18
Photographers	26.82	10.89	26.49	9.83	0.03
Physical Therapist Aides	30.41	9.65	29.52	8.47	0.10
Physical Therapist Assistants	31.14	9.55	29.69	8.00	0.16
Physical Therapists	28.03	10.67	28.66	9.12	-0.06
Physician Assistants	30.51	9.57	28.19	8.08	0.26
Plumbers, Pipefitters, and Steamfitters	28.24	7.44	36.17	8.77	-0.98
Police and Sheriff's Patrol Officers	22.72	9.77	27.66	10.35	-0.49
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	27.51	11.34	20.95	8.45	0.66
Printing Press Operators	27.41	10.83	31.48	11.72	-0.36
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	29.29	9.34	27.88	8.27	0.16
Procurement Clerks	35.10	11.39	32.67	9.31	0.23
Production, Planning, and Expediting Clerks	33.99	12.00	32.44	9.66	0.14
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	33.18	14.28	32.73	12.67	0.03
Psychiatric Aides	28.50	11.67	23.34	9.78	0.48
Psychiatric Technicians	26.04	11.25	24.08	9.74	0.19
Psychiatrists	26.75	10.71	25.51	9.79	0.12
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	27.78	9.25	26.09	8.35	0.19
Public Relations Managers	32.95	10.05	32.04	8.63	0.10
Public Relations Specialists	30.49	10.49	27.58	8.73	0.30
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	34.34	13.21	33.59	11.41	0.06
Purchasing Managers	30.63	11.97	33.63	11.47	-0.26
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	30.91	11.40	29.18	9.32	0.17
Real Estate Brokers	28.53	9.54	29.50	9.88	-0.10
Real Estate Sales Agents	31.58	10.03	29.97	9.31	0.17
Receptionists and Information Clerks	33.71	13.28	23.19	9.52	0.91
Recreation Workers	29.27	12.02	30.03	11.19	-0.07
Recreation and Fitness Studies Teachers, Postsecondary	30.76	9.79	31.47	9.18	-0.07
Registered Nurses	21.56	13.55	18.86	10.64	0.22
Rehabilitation Counselors	32.04	12.36	26.26	9.42	0.53
Residential Advisors	34.29	12.43	28.88	9.81	0.48
Retail Salespersons	30.08	12.44	29.63	10.87	0.04
Sales Engineers	30.64	7.94	37.31	8.42	-0.82
Sales Managers	30.86	9.95	33.94	10.22	-0.31
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	32.58	12.10	33.33	11.03	-0.06
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	32.05	10.68	35.33	10.33	-0.31
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	30.82	9.36	35.67	9.84	-0.51
School Psychologists	31.72	11.64	24.84	9.35	0.65
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	25.67	12.93	24.20	11.49	0.12
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	34.74	12.81	24.24	9.22	0.94
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	32.00	8.87	34.37	8.88	-0.27
Security Guards	28.12	9.87	31.18	10.59	-0.30
Self-Enrichment Teachers	30.51	13.22	28.67	11.06	0.15
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	34.04	11.16	32.26	9.85	0.17
Skincare Specialists	30.51	10.06	24.41	8.73	0.65
Social Science Research Assistants	27.46	10.42	23.94	8.62	0.37
Social Work Teachers, Postsecondary	29.81	12.02	24.29	9.82	0.50
Social and Community Service Managers	31.61	13.58	29.59	10.92	0.16
Social and Human Service Assistants	34.56	12.58	29.63	9.59	0.44
Software Developers	23.73	9.97	30.24	10.79	-0.63
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	24.44	10.94	20.30	8.74	0.42
Special Education Teachers, Middle School	29.88	10.06	26.10	8.05	0.41
Special Education Teachers, Secondary School	23.60	12.19	19.06	10.13	0.41
Special Effects Artists and Animators	28.08	7.53	28.72	7.51	-0.09
Statisticians	27.03	9.49	29.36	9.22	-0.25
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	26.39	12.93	23.06	10.52	0.28
Surgical Technologists	29.78	9.51	28.83	7.82	0.11
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	34.58	12.89	27.54	9.40	0.62
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	27.45	8.48	34.26	9.24	-0.77
Tax Preparers	26.13	10.14	26.79	9.01	-0.07
Taxi Drivers	24.85	12.60	30.67	12.20	-0.47
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	30.93	11.81	27.71	9.85	0.30
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	34.05	10.63	28.82	8.02	0.56
Team Assemblers	29.81	12.54	31.12	11.45	-0.11
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	26.32	8.93	33.76	10.31	-0.77
Telecommunications Line Installers and Repairers	29.14	8.35	35.64	9.47	-0.73
Telemarketers	33.43	11.33	31.97	10.08	0.14
Telephone Operators	34.49	12.39	28.77	10.17	0.50
Tellers	30.96	11.85	26.70	9.94	0.39
Tire Builders	29.25	13.22	31.97	12.68	-0.21
Tire Repairers and Changers	19.25	8.93	28.20	10.36	-0.93
Training and Development Managers	35.05	10.31	33.34	8.51	0.18
Training and Development Specialists	35.10	11.81	32.10	9.15	0.28
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	31.82	11.57	37.58	11.79	-0.49
Travel Agents	32.77	10.95	29.69	9.63	0.30
Tutors	34.16	10.97	30.07	9.21	0.40
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	23.29	10.57	28.10	11.32	-0.44
Ushers, Lobby Attendants, and Ticket Takers	30.21	11.61	30.29	10.54	-0.01
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	31.30	8.95	27.89	7.70	0.41
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	28.81	9.15	26.90	7.81	0.22
Waiters and Waitresses	29.78	12.95	27.47	11.12	0.19
Web Developers	25.67	8.14	29.02	9.05	-0.39
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	32.98	10.06	33.39	9.29	-0.04