Chapter 5 The Occupational Similarity Scales

Occupational scales have been part of the Strong assessment since its debut in 1927. That tradition continues here, with the largest set of occupations yet (243 in total). Because the current version of the Strong assessment also adds a new section of results around occupations — the occupation satisfaction predictions — what have previously been known as “occupational scales” are now called occupational similarity scales.

5.1 Construction of occupational similarity scales

There are some differences in the methods for building occupational similarity scales in the Strong 244 assessment compared with previous versions of the Strong assessment:

• All occupation samples in the Strong 244 assessment are combined gender samples, rather that separate samples for male and female occupational scales.
• The requirement for respondents to have been in the general line of work for at least three years in order to be included in the occupation sample has been dropped for the Strong 244 assessment.
• Raw scale scores are computed using elastic net penalized logistic regression (detailed below), comparing the GRS to each occupation sample. All holdover items from the 2004 Strong assessment were used as predictors (233 items in total, with mean values for the GRS and occupation samples used as replacements for any missing responses, respectively), but the elasticnet prodedure reduces some item weights to zero, see Table 5.1 for the number of non-zero items that are used for each scale.

However, many aspects of construction remain consistent with previous versions:

• Standard scores are computed such that the mean of the occupation sample on its occupation scale is equal to 50. In practice this means that most people will score lower than 50 on a given occupation scale.
• The requirement for respondents to be at least somewhat satisfied in their general line of work remains. This means that the sizes used for occupation satisfaction predictions (described in the next chapter), which overlap considerably, will be slightly smaller for the occupation scales.

5.1.1 About elastic net

Penalized logistic regression, such as elastic net, can be useful for situations where there are a large number of features (predictors) and it is desirable to select a subset of the most important features for the final model. Ordinary logistic regression does not have a feature selection mechanism, so all features are used in the model.

Elastic net combines the L1 regularization term (used in Lasso regression) and the L2 regularization term (used in ridge regression). This can lead to better performance compared to using Lasso or ridge regression alone, especially when there is a mix of important and correlated predictors.

In general, penalized logistic regression (such as elastic net) is helpful to improve the interpretability of a model by selecting a subset of the most important features, or to improve the generalization of a model by reducing overfitting.

5.2 Reliability

Internal consistency estimates are not appropriate for occupation scales. For test-retest reliability estimates for each occupation scale, see Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Table 5.2: Occupation scales: Basic information

Occupation	Model N	Retest short	Retest long	d	GRS min	GRS max	GRS mean	GRS sd	Number of non-zero items
Accountants and Auditors	3,336	0.71	0.73	1.75	-2	73	30.70	11.08	32
Actors	314	0.89	0.83	2.36	-20	75	24.00	11.02	69
Administrative Services Managers	832	0.83	0.84	1.35	-10	82	33.46	12.29	71
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	384	0.88	0.75	1.75	-12	74	30.83	10.97	79
Advertising Sales Agents	478	0.84	0.88	1.83	-3	77	32.96	9.33	81
Aerospace Engineers	195	0.90	0.91	2.44	-14	77	23.00	11.08	86
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	333	0.81	0.80	1.75	-8	80	34.09	9.07	112
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	191	0.88	0.89	2.04	-12	81	29.78	9.92	86
Animal Caretakers	354	0.85	0.76	2.19	-10	75	29.38	9.40	86
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	160	0.81	0.73	1.74	-9	87	33.42	9.55	121
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	188	0.79	0.80	2.05	-6	70	31.92	8.85	80
Art Directors	190	0.72	0.70	2.63	-6	68	27.85	8.41	158
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	177	0.90	0.86	2.19	-10	72	28.82	9.69	97
Athletes and Sports Competitors	368	0.90	0.88	2.17	-12	83	26.76	10.70	82
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	145	0.82	0.82	2.30	-7	82	27.58	9.76	84
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	197	0.82	0.84	2.69	-11	73	22.15	10.37	51
Baristas	2,039	0.81	0.71	1.73	-11	83	31.05	10.97	113
Bartenders	1,730	0.89	0.78	1.57	-11	85	31.54	11.82	77
Bill and Account Collectors	263	0.83	0.85	1.69	-6	79	32.55	10.32	114
Biochemists and Biophysicists	176	0.86	0.90	2.62	-13	72	23.59	10.10	94
Biological Technicians	122	0.84	0.89	2.63	-2	70	28.81	8.07	98
Biologists	382	0.80	0.87	2.44	-18	71	20.92	11.95	42
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	735	0.80	0.84	1.75	-4	83	30.81	10.98	78
Budget Analysts	250	0.79	0.75	1.73	-12	83	30.89	11.02	75
Bus Drivers, School	157	0.78	0.78	1.83	-21	85	30.92	10.43	107
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	139	0.71	0.71	1.60	-24	90	30.68	12.09	117
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	318	0.88	0.73	1.73	-6	80	32.98	9.86	89
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	207	0.87	0.76	1.71	-16	79	30.69	11.29	97
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	381	0.89	0.78	2.21	-12	74	26.76	10.53	80
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	915	0.79	0.63	2.02	-25	72	25.81	11.96	127
Carpenters	179	0.90	0.89	2.28	-12	81	28.20	9.58	98
Cashiers	12,588	0.77	0.63	1.84	-25	84	28.42	11.93	214
Chefs and Head Cooks	598	0.79	0.82	1.72	-12	88	32.29	10.32	86
Chemists	191	0.83	0.86	2.69	-18	79	20.80	10.87	108
Chief Executives	1,373	0.89	0.83	1.84	-6	74	32.19	9.69	83
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	1,022	0.90	0.82	1.89	1	74	31.58	9.77	70
Childcare Workers	2,610	0.75	0.72	2.26	-13	79	26.07	10.59	173
Civil Engineers	225	0.82	0.88	2.19	-21	79	23.81	11.98	108
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	555	0.71	0.69	1.33	-19	88	32.48	13.14	84
Clergy	888	0.92	0.82	2.60	-16	70	19.15	11.89	36
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	1,162	0.86	0.73	2.09	-27	79	19.92	14.41	75
Coaches and Scouts	763	0.91	0.86	2.07	-11	77	29.70	9.82	61
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	523	0.67	0.55	1.63	-24	86	29.70	12.44	126
Computer Programmers	687	0.91	0.90	2.21	-5	77	28.24	9.84	54
Computer Systems Analysts	849	0.88	0.89	1.82	-4	80	31.30	10.30	65
Computer User Support Specialists	1,403	0.87	0.81	2.02	0	79	32.25	8.79	39
Computer and Information Research Scientists	221	0.90	0.89	1.84	-2	80	32.89	9.29	93
Computer and Information Systems Managers	830	0.82	0.81	1.78	-9	76	29.86	11.32	59
Concierges	166	0.58	0.79	1.91	-6	79	32.62	9.12	127
Construction Laborers	499	0.89	0.85	2.02	-11	81	29.21	10.30	96
Construction Managers	342	0.83	0.81	1.91	-18	77	27.41	11.82	128
Cooks, Fast Food	2,358	0.81	0.69	1.87	-18	82	28.82	11.34	89
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	182	0.64	0.78	1.69	-7	78	33.48	9.75	118
Cooks, Restaurant	1,073	0.81	0.73	1.77	-11	84	31.37	10.54	104
Cooks, Short Order	372	0.79	0.65	1.81	-11	83	31.53	10.20	104
Correctional Officers and Jailers	194	0.90	0.86	2.26	1	72	32.13	7.91	102
Counter and Rental Clerks	1,370	0.78	0.67	1.52	-19	84	31.69	12.10	98
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	154	0.74	0.77	2.15	-1	76	33.42	7.71	113
Craft Artists	225	0.89	0.80	2.20	-9	75	30.24	8.97	88
Credit Analysts	248	0.80	0.78	1.51	-13	83	32.76	11.45	80
Customer Service Representatives	2,800	0.86	0.83	1.35	-6	85	33.98	11.94	45
Dancers	379	0.82	0.73	2.67	-23	69	20.40	11.08	159
Data Entry Keyers	792	0.84	0.82	1.63	-9	80	32.11	11.00	92
Database Administrators	271	0.88	0.88	1.83	6	73	34.49	8.47	61
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	199	0.78	0.80	1.66	-9	85	33.73	9.79	111
Dental Assistants	449	0.72	0.65	2.58	-12	74	23.01	10.47	86
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	170	0.87	0.84	2.22	4	81	32.88	7.72	89
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	638	0.74	0.68	1.74	-16	82	30.45	11.26	103
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	408	0.94	0.82	2.69	-22	70	19.32	11.42	62
Dishwashers	1,174	0.85	0.66	1.77	-10	82	31.51	10.48	61
Driver/Sales Workers	332	0.85	0.77	1.63	-19	89	30.86	11.74	98
Editors	336	0.94	0.88	2.37	-21	79	21.76	11.92	89
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	346	0.87	0.80	1.73	-15	75	29.08	12.10	68
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	2,322	0.91	0.80	1.98	-12	79	27.42	11.41	117
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	869	0.82	0.68	1.73	-14	84	31.32	10.78	93
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	262	0.78	0.76	2.17	-10	74	28.46	9.93	107
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	2,731	0.91	0.84	1.82	-14	72	27.92	12.21	41
Electrical Engineers	359	0.80	0.75	2.32	-17	75	22.20	11.98	58
Electricians	199	0.89	0.88	2.14	-9	80	27.77	10.40	73
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	1,956	0.83	0.65	2.16	-15	76	26.36	10.97	140
Emergency Medical Technicians	271	0.87	0.80	2.61	-10	70	27.21	8.73	71
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	277	0.92	0.85	2.34	-10	72	26.87	9.87	80
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	152	0.85	0.90	2.21	-9	74	28.51	9.71	82
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	4,948	0.82	0.82	1.68	-19	87	27.23	13.72	88
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	722	0.88	0.78	2.01	-5	88	30.15	9.87	98
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	252	0.82	0.83	2.25	2	76	32.73	7.67	107
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	327	0.79	0.73	2.92	-22	69	22.53	9.43	194
Fashion Designers	163	0.84	0.84	2.63	-7	77	28.44	8.19	78
Fast Food and Counter Workers	6,953	0.78	0.60	1.78	-23	84	28.42	12.28	197
File Clerks	432	0.82	0.82	1.73	-12	87	31.03	10.99	109
Film and Video Editors	188	0.74	0.65	2.49	-8	71	30.50	7.82	121
Financial Examiners	279	0.83	0.82	1.54	-11	84	32.61	11.30	91
Financial Managers	1,233	0.81	0.81	1.70	-2	81	32.00	10.59	66
Financial Risk Specialists	285	0.72	0.73	1.47	-14	83	32.50	11.88	107
Financial and Investment Analysts	1,656	0.83	0.82	1.72	-11	81	30.67	11.29	99
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	300	0.87	0.78	2.54	-13	70	27.60	8.82	107
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	292	0.92	0.89	1.72	-13	81	28.18	12.67	76
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	1,871	0.79	0.72	1.51	-6	83	33.61	10.90	108
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	250	0.86	0.82	1.44	-22	85	32.25	12.34	86
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	349	0.89	0.89	1.74	3	81	34.15	9.11	87
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	288	0.81	0.82	1.43	-9	82	34.20	11.08	82
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	1,615	0.76	0.74	1.40	-24	81	31.15	13.54	112
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	197	0.81	0.74	1.45	-9	78	34.60	10.62	108
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	717	0.84	0.78	1.45	-5	80	33.19	11.58	57
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	1,261	0.78	0.78	1.49	-5	85	34.63	10.34	60
Food Preparation Workers	1,213	0.79	0.71	1.70	-17	89	30.98	11.19	98
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	1,475	0.76	0.67	1.80	-15	86	30.34	10.92	98
Food Service Managers	662	0.83	0.72	1.49	-18	83	33.30	11.19	145
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	503	0.64	0.74	1.86	-19	78	30.63	10.41	158
Fundraisers	154	0.82	0.81	2.04	-25	78	25.86	11.86	95
Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	178	0.81	0.70	1.93	-20	84	28.64	11.06	122
General and Operations Managers	2,895	0.83	0.78	1.39	-12	83	33.01	12.32	76
Graphic Designers	745	0.84	0.80	2.44	-23	78	24.74	10.35	65
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	982	0.84	0.85	1.83	-23	80	28.20	11.91	103
Health Education Specialists	215	0.77	0.76	1.94	-9	75	31.46	9.55	120
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	226	0.87	0.86	1.83	-11	83	30.01	10.96	100
Helpers–Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	285	0.85	0.81	1.91	-7	80	31.09	9.91	91
Home Health Aides	1,363	0.87	0.83	2.00	-5	75	31.13	9.42	47
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	3,123	0.77	0.63	2.09	-19	81	27.17	10.93	190
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	287	0.66	0.67	2.10	-21	79	27.29	10.80	179
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	1,360	0.86	0.84	1.63	-13	79	29.88	12.40	77
Human Resources Managers	1,214	0.87	0.82	1.88	-10	74	29.07	11.17	60
Human Resources Specialists	713	0.82	0.57	1.70	-22	81	30.72	11.33	147
Infantry	271	0.88	0.86	2.53	-11	73	25.48	9.68	43
Information Technology Project Managers	313	0.83	0.86	1.83	-13	77	29.43	11.27	70
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	158	0.83	0.81	1.61	-25	83	30.47	12.11	109
Instructional Coordinators	1,067	0.90	0.82	1.41	-10	80	32.58	12.38	74
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	478	0.80	0.84	1.74	-17	87	29.57	11.76	94
Insurance Sales Agents	1,072	0.64	0.52	2.55	-15	76	22.70	10.71	67
Insurance Underwriters	343	0.69	0.80	1.54	-14	83	31.27	12.16	105
Interior Designers	186	0.77	0.81	2.71	-19	73	23.25	9.87	167
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	1,041	0.79	0.68	1.54	-21	83	31.01	12.33	82
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	1,105	0.73	0.79	1.90	-11	78	30.48	10.30	159
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	245	0.88	0.80	2.33	-11	72	26.85	9.95	78
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	528	0.84	0.78	1.65	-7	85	32.95	10.32	100
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	764	0.83	0.82	1.89	-12	81	30.49	10.32	48
Lawyers	1,150	0.71	0.70	2.42	-25	79	23.01	11.18	144
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	674	0.90	0.84	1.68	-16	75	33.31	9.95	142
Library Technicians	452	0.85	0.80	1.75	-15	78	31.34	10.68	187
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	423	0.84	0.82	2.72	-21	72	22.07	10.28	145
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	494	0.82	0.68	1.95	-11	84	29.72	10.40	104
Light Truck Drivers	462	0.80	0.75	1.63	-15	92	31.25	11.50	114
Loan Officers	544	0.83	0.87	1.52	-8	82	33.82	10.65	95
Logisticians	165	0.72	0.75	1.29	-20	81	33.86	12.56	107
Machinists	197	0.72	0.65	2.14	-26	68	26.25	11.11	176
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	421	0.82	0.77	1.76	-10	86	30.36	11.15	107
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	322	0.89	0.85	1.91	-7	82	31.80	9.54	92
Management Analysts	828	0.77	0.75	1.50	-16	82	32.31	11.79	145
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	358	0.74	0.69	2.17	-16	78	28.06	10.12	135
Marketing Managers	1,576	0.91	0.85	1.89	-7	75	29.08	11.06	66
Massage Therapists	196	0.87	0.80	2.26	-10	80	28.03	9.72	101
Mechanical Engineers	606	0.87	0.86	2.30	-13	73	24.37	11.14	57
Media Programming Directors	616	0.85	0.72	1.83	-20	77	29.47	11.23	167
Medical Assistants	1,219	0.86	0.83	2.34	-6	75	29.53	8.73	107
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	163	0.86	0.89	2.74	-6	72	26.56	8.57	98
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	326	0.89	0.87	2.03	-13	82	26.24	11.73	97
Medical Transcriptionists	153	0.75	0.79	2.05	-4	75	31.94	8.82	115
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	319	0.76	0.79	2.23	-4	78	29.49	9.21	109
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	144	0.74	0.80	2.39	-6	73	28.98	8.79	134
Medical and Health Services Managers	387	0.79	0.82	2.01	-11	73	30.94	9.47	88
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	212	0.87	0.87	1.87	-6	77	30.38	10.50	87
Mental Health Counselors	1,406	0.92	0.82	2.21	-23	75	20.59	13.34	92
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	430	0.91	0.85	2.17	-11	73	25.55	11.26	70
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	1,000	0.87	0.79	1.82	-10	77	29.50	11.27	76
Models	174	0.78	0.79	2.28	-15	79	29.01	9.23	67
Musicians and Singers	469	0.87	0.79	2.32	-19	74	23.74	11.35	104
Nannies	1,233	0.80	0.78	2.26	-15	76	24.34	11.38	62
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	416	0.86	0.85	2.43	-13	76	25.43	10.11	76
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	185	0.85	0.82	2.65	-16	69	24.47	9.64	126
Nursing Assistants	959	0.85	0.80	2.72	-16	73	23.53	9.75	156
Office Clerks, General	1,744	0.87	0.86	1.50	-11	81	32.76	11.50	80
Orderlies	2,044	0.80	0.78	2.44	-18	73	25.63	10.00	180
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	205	0.86	0.83	1.73	-17	83	30.20	11.43	97
Packers and Packagers, Hand	310	0.83	0.75	1.78	-19	83	29.30	11.61	100
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	186	0.88	0.83	1.68	-13	84	32.18	10.58	110
Parts Salespersons	523	0.83	0.71	1.78	-11	81	31.38	10.47	77
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	201	0.86	0.86	1.83	-16	80	30.15	10.86	85
Personal Care Aides	1,534	0.86	0.82	1.92	-5	84	31.78	9.51	94
Personal Financial Advisors	1,272	0.77	0.76	2.35	-10	75	28.14	9.29	173
Pharmacists	198	0.78	0.80	2.22	-6	78	30.35	8.84	86
Pharmacy Aides	509	0.79	0.80	1.94	0	80	34.11	8.17	98
Pharmacy Technicians	875	0.76	0.81	2.07	-5	78	32.26	8.57	95
Photographers	458	0.77	0.67	2.28	-17	75	28.01	9.65	166
Physical Therapist Aides	174	0.81	0.78	2.23	-16	73	29.38	9.27	145
Physical Therapists	225	0.84	0.87	2.12	-12	76	30.65	9.14	94
Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	382	0.91	0.92	2.36	-11	83	26.00	10.17	69
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	1,704	0.80	0.79	2.44	-15	75	24.36	10.52	156
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	165	0.85	0.83	2.40	-7	79	29.16	8.68	106
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	338	0.82	0.78	1.30	-16	84	32.56	13.43	90
Psychiatric Aides	437	0.89	0.78	2.20	-16	75	26.71	10.60	121
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	485	0.91	0.78	2.44	-14	73	25.72	9.94	51
Public Relations Managers	269	0.90	0.85	1.86	1	77	32.58	9.37	85
Public Relations Specialists	520	0.85	0.84	2.30	-7	76	28.54	9.34	132
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	411	0.74	0.83	1.32	-17	83	34.47	11.79	91
Purchasing Managers	271	0.79	0.79	1.56	-17	84	31.69	11.78	84
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	153	0.70	0.70	1.86	-10	81	29.90	10.84	68
Real Estate Brokers	164	0.71	0.61	2.21	-25	73	26.22	10.77	191
Real Estate Sales Agents	620	0.83	0.84	1.98	-6	79	30.28	9.97	75
Receptionists and Information Clerks	2,215	0.87	0.88	1.70	-14	82	28.53	12.67	81
Recreation Workers	458	0.84	0.73	1.67	-11	83	32.21	10.68	93
Registered Nurses	1,217	0.83	0.76	2.42	-31	78	20.73	12.11	175
Rehabilitation Counselors	325	0.88	0.82	1.87	-6	76	29.42	11.03	65
Residential Advisors	230	0.88	0.83	1.59	-14	81	31.77	11.44	95
Retail Salespersons	13,142	0.68	0.66	1.75	-27	86	30.30	11.42	214
Sales Engineers	196	0.85	0.67	1.86	-3	72	33.25	8.99	75
Sales Managers	1,209	0.87	0.84	1.68	4	76	33.66	9.74	58
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	2,900	0.66	0.64	1.43	-19	87	33.21	11.75	96
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	646	0.79	0.75	1.56	-7	81	33.85	10.34	66
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	711	0.83	0.77	1.72	-4	81	33.42	9.66	66
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	1,448	0.75	0.73	2.03	-24	82	26.46	11.59	87
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	2,040	0.87	0.87	1.68	-11	82	29.80	12.10	75
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	750	0.76	0.67	1.90	-5	78	33.19	8.86	84
Security Guards	1,356	0.75	0.74	1.93	-7	80	31.37	9.64	57
Self-Enrichment Teachers	356	0.77	0.60	1.68	-34	73	28.98	12.52	195
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	134	0.81	0.75	1.64	-19	87	30.91	11.65	104
Skincare Specialists	163	0.75	0.73	2.29	-24	73	25.72	10.59	159
Social Science Research Assistants	224	0.89	0.85	2.47	-15	74	26.90	9.35	123
Social and Community Service Managers	730	0.87	0.79	1.58	-15	80	31.39	11.78	159
Social and Human Service Assistants	1,483	0.87	0.80	1.60	-8	77	32.35	11.03	86
Software Developers	943	0.91	0.90	2.13	-8	75	27.13	10.76	63
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	146	0.86	0.82	2.67	-17	71	23.06	10.11	67
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	770	0.84	0.74	2.11	-23	75	24.93	11.90	109
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	366	0.82	0.83	1.63	-11	83	31.41	11.43	100
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	134	0.85	0.73	2.02	-5	76	31.37	9.24	117
Tax Preparers	217	0.75	0.76	2.32	0	72	27.89	9.55	43
Taxi Drivers	126	0.76	0.69	1.69	-21	77	30.25	11.67	106
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	401	0.81	0.68	1.86	-20	76	30.13	10.69	141
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	3,215	0.86	0.81	1.88	-7	77	32.20	9.47	83
Team Assemblers	261	0.83	0.77	1.55	-12	93	32.29	11.40	64
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	153	0.88	0.85	1.93	-10	78	30.10	10.30	84
Telemarketers	413	0.83	0.78	1.62	-13	88	33.21	10.39	100
Telephone Operators	444	0.79	0.82	1.57	-16	80	31.92	11.56	107
Tellers	218	0.77	0.80	1.81	-16	79	29.47	11.33	108
Tire Builders	1,156	0.77	0.74	1.52	-31	95	31.06	12.52	98
Training and Development Managers	419	0.89	0.82	1.68	4	74	34.22	9.38	86
Training and Development Specialists	496	0.85	0.83	1.56	-2	80	33.55	10.53	86
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	232	0.88	0.82	1.31	-8	89	35.46	11.11	102
Tutors	1,146	0.85	0.78	1.75	-8	83	32.19	10.15	93
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	242	0.91	0.83	2.19	-12	79	26.86	10.59	90
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	263	0.84	0.77	2.35	-5	78	30.96	8.12	72
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	307	0.81	0.76	2.61	-11	75	27.63	8.58	96
Waiters and Waitresses	10,407	0.75	0.62	1.79	-24	90	28.68	12.07	215
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	538	0.66	0.74	1.73	-14	78	33.05	9.80	123

5.3 Validity

5.3.1 Differences on each scale between the GRS and occupation samples

A basic measure of validity for occupation scales is the difference in scores between the GRS and people in the occupation sample. See Table 5.1. Across all occupations, the mean difference is now 1.96. This is a larger difference than the occupation scales after the 2012 revision (mean d = 1.57). This indicates an improvement in separating occupation samples from the GRS.

5.3.2 Correlations with GOTs

Correlations of occupational similarity scales with GOTs are reported in Table 5.3.

Table 5.3: Table 5.4: Occupation scales: Correlations with GOTs

Occupation	Realistic	Investigative	Artistic	Social	Enterprising	Conventional
Accountants and Auditors	-0.01	0.01	-0.06	0.05	0.09	0.43
Actors	-0.12	-0.08	0.39	0.03	0.02	-0.26
Administrative Services Managers	-0.26	-0.16	0.08	0.25	0.17	0.09
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	-0.21	0.00	0.34	0.43	0.00	-0.17
Advertising Sales Agents	-0.15	-0.17	0.19	0.14	0.54	-0.08
Aerospace Engineers	0.48	0.50	0.15	-0.10	0.05	0.18
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	-0.01	-0.16	-0.19	-0.06	0.30	0.26
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	0.53	0.15	-0.25	-0.33	-0.15	0.09
Animal Caretakers	-0.22	-0.10	-0.06	-0.15	-0.34	-0.37
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	-0.01	-0.11	-0.13	-0.13	0.25	0.12
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	0.29	0.16	0.22	-0.17	0.05	-0.01
Art Directors	0.01	-0.02	0.43	-0.04	0.03	-0.22
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.22	0.01	0.50	0.22	-0.15	-0.31
Athletes and Sports Competitors	0.08	-0.12	-0.08	-0.10	0.11	-0.08
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	0.40	-0.05	-0.21	-0.39	0.00	0.00
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	0.53	0.05	-0.14	-0.30	-0.01	0.07
Baristas	-0.46	-0.29	-0.04	-0.09	-0.17	-0.37
Bartenders	-0.19	-0.12	0.10	0.06	0.13	-0.25
Bill and Account Collectors	-0.35	-0.20	-0.11	0.07	-0.08	0.08
Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.30	0.78	0.24	0.08	-0.06	0.19
Biological Technicians	0.07	0.55	0.06	-0.11	-0.30	-0.07
Biologists	0.29	0.75	0.30	0.11	0.00	0.10
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	-0.29	-0.16	-0.11	0.00	-0.12	0.18
Budget Analysts	-0.03	-0.01	-0.01	0.07	0.12	0.38
Bus Drivers, School	-0.19	-0.15	-0.19	0.04	-0.24	-0.07
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	0.10	0.02	0.00	0.17	0.03	0.03
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.20	-0.09	0.15	0.33	0.27	-0.06
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	-0.17	-0.17	0.19	0.54	0.13	-0.13
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.34	-0.22	0.24	0.44	0.12	-0.21
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	-0.15	-0.07	0.22	0.52	0.19	-0.04
Carpenters	0.53	0.14	-0.15	-0.34	-0.07	0.03
Cashiers	-0.20	-0.15	-0.12	-0.08	-0.05	-0.10
Chefs and Head Cooks	0.12	-0.03	0.05	-0.21	-0.01	-0.13
Chemists	0.29	0.68	0.15	0.03	-0.03	0.18
Chief Executives	0.12	0.07	0.19	0.12	0.44	0.03
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	-0.41	-0.25	0.07	0.39	-0.15	-0.35
Childcare Workers	-0.30	-0.19	-0.01	0.19	-0.06	-0.22
Civil Engineers	0.43	0.32	0.06	-0.06	0.06	0.18
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	-0.13	-0.06	0.03	0.20	0.15	0.09
Clergy	0.06	0.08	0.32	0.47	0.17	0.00
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	-0.13	0.11	0.36	0.47	0.08	-0.20
Coaches and Scouts	-0.11	-0.18	-0.05	0.05	-0.01	-0.26
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	-0.15	-0.10	0.13	0.22	0.10	0.00
Computer Programmers	0.32	0.29	0.05	-0.16	-0.10	0.35
Computer Systems Analysts	0.27	0.26	0.16	-0.04	0.00	0.28
Computer User Support Specialists	0.31	0.22	0.10	0.00	0.03	0.31
Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.30	0.35	0.05	-0.18	-0.07	0.30
Computer and Information Systems Managers	0.32	0.26	0.21	0.09	0.19	0.24
Concierges	-0.35	-0.36	-0.06	-0.08	0.06	-0.22
Construction Laborers	0.44	0.02	-0.20	-0.35	-0.03	0.02
Construction Managers	0.46	0.18	0.13	0.01	0.26	0.09
Cooks, Fast Food	-0.12	-0.18	-0.20	-0.18	-0.17	-0.10
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	-0.21	-0.21	-0.12	-0.04	-0.13	-0.17
Cooks, Restaurant	0.12	-0.08	-0.08	-0.23	-0.06	-0.12
Cooks, Short Order	-0.10	-0.23	-0.14	-0.32	-0.19	-0.27
Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.10	0.00	-0.04	0.21	-0.12	-0.08
Counter and Rental Clerks	-0.29	-0.30	-0.21	-0.17	-0.13	-0.22
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	-0.33	-0.31	-0.16	-0.16	-0.13	-0.18
Craft Artists	-0.09	-0.03	0.49	0.01	-0.11	-0.31
Credit Analysts	-0.04	-0.01	0.01	0.09	0.26	0.26
Customer Service Representatives	-0.30	-0.17	0.03	0.24	0.03	0.04
Dancers	-0.18	-0.01	0.36	0.13	0.06	-0.14
Data Entry Keyers	-0.40	-0.25	-0.10	0.00	-0.18	0.00
Database Administrators	0.24	0.25	0.04	-0.12	-0.07	0.40
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	-0.18	-0.15	0.18	0.13	0.34	-0.16
Dental Assistants	-0.12	0.03	0.01	0.10	-0.08	-0.04
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.09	-0.04	-0.16	-0.06	-0.09	-0.09
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	-0.18	-0.27	-0.23	-0.27	-0.10	-0.18
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	-0.06	-0.03	0.31	0.49	0.10	-0.11
Dishwashers	-0.08	-0.20	-0.18	-0.34	-0.29	-0.22
Driver/Sales Workers	0.27	-0.06	-0.16	-0.22	0.05	0.08
Editors	-0.19	0.01	0.52	0.10	-0.05	-0.23
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	-0.18	-0.04	0.30	0.59	0.17	-0.13
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	-0.26	-0.11	0.29	0.37	0.06	-0.23
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.27	-0.13	0.15	0.45	-0.01	-0.21
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	-0.31	-0.16	0.10	0.42	-0.01	-0.12
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	-0.33	-0.13	0.27	0.49	0.01	-0.27
Electrical Engineers	0.47	0.34	0.12	-0.03	0.10	0.24
Electricians	0.62	0.24	-0.15	-0.21	0.05	0.18
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.20	-0.04	0.19	0.50	0.01	-0.14
Emergency Medical Technicians	0.26	0.31	-0.08	0.03	-0.11	-0.04
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.12	0.13	0.60	0.37	0.04	-0.14
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	0.16	0.46	0.20	0.01	-0.12	-0.09
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	-0.30	-0.16	0.15	0.20	0.00	-0.01
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	-0.15	-0.14	0.01	0.04	-0.05	-0.37
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	0.10	-0.13	-0.28	-0.34	-0.24	-0.24
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	0.22	0.05	-0.03	-0.10	-0.04	-0.05
Fashion Designers	-0.37	-0.32	0.13	-0.24	-0.12	-0.39
Fast Food and Counter Workers	-0.15	-0.12	-0.07	-0.07	-0.06	-0.12
File Clerks	-0.44	-0.26	-0.09	-0.07	-0.23	-0.12
Film and Video Editors	0.03	-0.04	0.28	-0.05	-0.02	-0.15
Financial Examiners	-0.09	-0.12	-0.05	-0.05	0.18	0.21
Financial Managers	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.11	0.31	0.35
Financial Risk Specialists	-0.09	0.06	0.16	0.19	0.16	0.13
Financial and Investment Analysts	0.00	0.05	0.01	0.01	0.19	0.25
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	-0.08	-0.08	0.48	-0.03	-0.05	-0.30
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.63	0.26	0.05	0.00	0.32	0.18
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	-0.20	-0.19	-0.17	0.02	0.09	-0.05
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.43	0.18	-0.03	0.11	0.35	0.31
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	0.57	0.19	-0.18	-0.19	0.06	0.17
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	-0.15	-0.22	-0.01	0.11	0.34	-0.08
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	-0.18	-0.10	0.08	0.18	0.05	0.04
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	-0.22	-0.19	-0.09	0.22	0.06	-0.16
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	0.43	0.21	-0.07	0.05	0.25	0.26
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	-0.26	-0.23	-0.03	0.12	0.28	-0.06
Food Preparation Workers	-0.21	-0.25	-0.25	-0.29	-0.24	-0.23
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	-0.31	-0.29	-0.23	-0.19	-0.19	-0.26
Food Service Managers	-0.04	-0.11	-0.01	0.13	0.25	0.08
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	-0.05	0.06	0.13	0.13	0.09	0.15
Fundraisers	-0.24	-0.08	0.33	0.24	0.21	-0.11
Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	-0.17	-0.23	-0.15	-0.22	-0.11	-0.13
General and Operations Managers	0.10	0.04	0.11	0.13	0.37	0.09
Graphic Designers	0.06	0.07	0.40	-0.02	0.07	-0.06
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	-0.46	-0.30	0.02	0.04	-0.08	-0.30
Health Education Specialists	-0.23	0.00	0.09	0.25	-0.03	-0.21
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	0.46	0.03	-0.23	-0.21	0.04	0.16
Helpers–Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	0.26	-0.12	-0.29	-0.40	-0.12	-0.09
Home Health Aides	-0.18	0.02	0.01	0.27	-0.11	-0.08
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	-0.31	-0.19	-0.06	-0.07	-0.05	-0.19
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	-0.27	-0.17	-0.02	0.03	0.04	-0.01
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	-0.41	-0.25	0.08	0.27	0.01	-0.11
Human Resources Managers	-0.25	-0.13	0.18	0.39	0.22	-0.12
Human Resources Specialists	-0.17	-0.10	0.15	0.29	0.19	-0.06
Infantry	0.42	0.15	-0.18	-0.12	0.00	0.10
Information Technology Project Managers	0.21	0.24	0.13	0.03	0.12	0.21
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	0.26	0.24	-0.09	0.00	0.02	0.31
Instructional Coordinators	-0.22	-0.09	0.29	0.37	0.00	-0.23
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	-0.30	-0.18	-0.09	0.06	-0.11	0.03
Insurance Sales Agents	0.19	0.12	0.17	0.20	0.46	0.26
Insurance Underwriters	-0.14	-0.13	0.01	0.08	0.15	0.14
Interior Designers	-0.20	-0.19	0.23	-0.02	0.06	-0.24
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	0.08	-0.06	-0.10	-0.12	-0.15	-0.05
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	-0.19	-0.05	0.13	0.14	0.03	-0.01
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.46	-0.31	0.05	0.36	-0.22	-0.36
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	0.30	0.07	-0.18	-0.26	-0.04	0.11
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	0.38	0.07	-0.10	-0.22	0.03	0.02
Lawyers	0.12	0.17	0.32	0.18	0.19	-0.02
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	-0.31	-0.12	0.21	0.04	-0.20	-0.17
Library Technicians	-0.25	-0.06	0.20	0.07	-0.18	-0.12
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	0.00	0.20	0.02	0.20	-0.02	0.00
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	-0.07	-0.13	-0.21	-0.22	-0.15	-0.29
Light Truck Drivers	0.32	0.04	-0.03	-0.15	0.09	0.11
Loan Officers	-0.14	-0.15	-0.03	0.10	0.32	0.13
Logisticians	0.03	0.02	-0.06	-0.03	0.09	0.03
Machinists	0.35	0.12	-0.07	-0.08	0.07	0.19
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	-0.24	-0.20	-0.06	-0.02	-0.16	-0.15
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	0.52	0.07	-0.12	-0.32	-0.07	-0.01
Management Analysts	-0.01	0.01	0.12	0.04	0.23	0.10
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	-0.09	-0.02	0.11	0.06	0.25	-0.02
Marketing Managers	-0.14	-0.08	0.28	0.15	0.39	-0.16
Massage Therapists	-0.11	0.10	0.31	0.20	-0.08	-0.25
Mechanical Engineers	0.57	0.42	0.08	-0.09	0.12	0.26
Media Programming Directors	-0.25	-0.10	0.14	0.31	0.04	-0.20
Medical Assistants	-0.18	0.11	-0.06	0.17	-0.10	-0.03
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.14	0.66	0.22	0.08	-0.12	-0.02
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	-0.42	-0.13	-0.04	0.15	-0.20	-0.12
Medical Transcriptionists	-0.27	0.03	-0.09	0.06	-0.18	-0.05
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.05	0.42	0.09	0.08	-0.10	0.00
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	-0.01	0.37	0.03	0.05	-0.10	0.03
Medical and Health Services Managers	-0.03	0.18	0.21	0.31	0.18	0.00
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	-0.41	-0.35	0.11	0.05	0.13	-0.31
Mental Health Counselors	-0.28	-0.04	0.28	0.47	-0.04	-0.30
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	-0.34	-0.11	0.19	0.47	-0.12	-0.32
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	-0.30	-0.10	0.19	0.52	-0.06	-0.26
Models	-0.33	-0.27	-0.02	-0.07	0.07	-0.24
Musicians and Singers	-0.03	0.01	0.42	0.01	-0.05	-0.17
Nannies	-0.49	-0.31	-0.05	0.15	-0.18	-0.38
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	0.41	0.29	0.09	-0.07	0.03	0.31
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	-0.19	-0.11	0.34	-0.01	-0.03	-0.26
Nursing Assistants	-0.10	0.11	-0.08	0.14	-0.11	-0.03
Office Clerks, General	-0.46	-0.31	-0.07	0.06	-0.15	-0.10
Orderlies	-0.05	0.12	0.00	0.17	-0.02	0.02
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	0.23	0.04	-0.20	-0.12	-0.05	0.16
Packers and Packagers, Hand	0.18	-0.02	-0.19	-0.22	-0.06	0.05
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	0.39	0.01	-0.10	-0.12	0.03	-0.02
Parts Salespersons	0.08	-0.20	-0.32	-0.26	0.07	-0.03
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	-0.28	-0.19	-0.06	0.18	-0.02	0.21
Personal Care Aides	-0.32	-0.15	-0.07	0.16	-0.24	-0.21
Personal Financial Advisors	0.16	0.10	0.15	0.19	0.42	0.28
Pharmacists	-0.02	0.33	-0.08	-0.06	-0.09	0.06
Pharmacy Aides	-0.21	0.12	-0.21	-0.10	-0.22	-0.06
Pharmacy Technicians	-0.18	0.15	-0.12	0.01	-0.13	0.00
Photographers	-0.01	-0.02	0.36	0.04	0.03	-0.19
Physical Therapist Aides	-0.02	0.06	0.06	0.10	-0.01	-0.16
Physical Therapists	-0.09	0.06	-0.04	-0.06	-0.20	-0.30
Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	0.32	0.12	-0.04	0.07	0.03	0.01
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	-0.30	-0.13	0.10	0.39	-0.08	-0.18
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	-0.12	-0.14	-0.06	0.22	-0.09	-0.15
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	0.00	-0.04	0.08	0.20	0.37	0.08
Psychiatric Aides	-0.22	0.04	0.22	0.45	-0.03	-0.22
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	-0.10	0.23	0.34	0.33	-0.05	-0.15
Public Relations Managers	-0.20	-0.18	0.32	0.18	0.28	-0.22
Public Relations Specialists	-0.28	-0.19	0.36	0.14	0.16	-0.28
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	-0.09	-0.13	-0.06	-0.02	0.23	0.02
Purchasing Managers	0.14	0.01	0.10	0.15	0.47	0.13
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	-0.04	0.19	-0.01	0.10	-0.06	0.03
Real Estate Brokers	0.03	0.00	0.13	0.10	0.37	0.01
Real Estate Sales Agents	-0.14	-0.16	0.15	0.16	0.50	-0.04
Receptionists and Information Clerks	-0.52	-0.32	-0.04	0.10	-0.17	-0.20
Recreation Workers	-0.22	-0.26	-0.19	-0.02	-0.08	-0.28
Registered Nurses	0.08	0.30	0.19	0.22	0.05	0.04
Rehabilitation Counselors	-0.24	-0.06	0.22	0.52	-0.03	-0.19
Residential Advisors	-0.35	-0.23	0.10	0.37	-0.03	-0.27
Retail Salespersons	-0.18	-0.17	-0.06	-0.05	0.11	-0.12
Sales Engineers	0.32	0.13	0.13	0.06	0.56	0.14
Sales Managers	0.09	0.00	0.14	0.22	0.69	0.16
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	-0.10	-0.09	0.00	0.06	0.30	-0.04
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.07	-0.03	0.10	0.06	0.50	-0.04
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.17	0.04	0.14	0.09	0.57	-0.01
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	-0.08	0.04	0.25	0.50	0.06	-0.09
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	-0.54	-0.34	-0.02	0.11	-0.16	-0.18
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.04	0.01	0.05	0.11	0.38	0.19
Security Guards	0.20	0.05	-0.02	0.06	0.03	0.06
Self-Enrichment Teachers	-0.14	-0.05	0.19	0.30	0.01	-0.18
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	-0.07	-0.10	-0.20	-0.15	-0.17	0.01
Skincare Specialists	-0.31	-0.10	0.09	0.07	0.10	-0.14
Social Science Research Assistants	-0.23	0.20	0.24	0.17	-0.21	-0.20
Social and Community Service Managers	-0.18	-0.09	0.20	0.35	0.07	-0.15
Social and Human Service Assistants	-0.32	-0.18	0.06	0.30	-0.09	-0.20
Software Developers	0.46	0.43	0.15	-0.05	0.07	0.42
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	-0.34	-0.20	0.08	0.44	-0.19	-0.33
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	-0.11	0.03	0.25	0.49	0.06	-0.17
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	-0.45	-0.33	-0.14	0.05	-0.10	-0.10
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	0.21	-0.06	-0.20	-0.26	0.02	0.02
Tax Preparers	0.04	0.06	-0.01	0.11	0.15	0.55
Taxi Drivers	0.35	0.21	0.07	0.06	0.33	0.31
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	-0.23	-0.04	0.24	0.42	0.00	-0.18
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	-0.38	-0.19	0.05	0.35	-0.19	-0.24
Team Assemblers	0.04	-0.21	-0.26	-0.16	-0.13	0.01
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	0.52	0.19	-0.15	-0.23	-0.02	0.29
Telemarketers	-0.33	-0.30	-0.04	0.05	0.18	-0.18
Telephone Operators	-0.42	-0.30	-0.11	-0.01	-0.11	-0.12
Tellers	-0.46	-0.31	-0.12	0.03	-0.15	-0.07
Tire Builders	0.08	-0.06	-0.17	-0.11	-0.06	0.08
Training and Development Managers	-0.25	-0.17	0.22	0.27	0.25	-0.20
Training and Development Specialists	-0.23	-0.15	0.25	0.30	0.19	-0.21
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	0.24	-0.01	-0.14	-0.03	0.18	0.14
Tutors	-0.45	-0.14	-0.01	0.07	-0.34	-0.33
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	0.00	-0.18	-0.29	-0.18	-0.01	-0.08
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	-0.20	0.10	-0.14	-0.23	-0.40	-0.30
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	-0.05	0.25	0.06	-0.05	-0.16	-0.19
Waiters and Waitresses	-0.20	-0.13	-0.02	0.00	0.06	-0.15
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	-0.13	-0.19	-0.16	-0.10	0.20	0.03

5.3.3 Correlations with BISs

Correlations of occupational similarity scales with holdover BISs are reported in Table 5.5.

Table 5.5: Table 5.6: Occupation scales: Top 10 positive correlations with each BIS

BIS	Occupation similarity scale	r
Mechanics & Construction	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.67
Mechanics & Construction	Electricians	0.65
Mechanics & Construction	Mechanical Engineers	0.64
Mechanics & Construction	Electrical Engineers	0.62
Mechanics & Construction	Civil Engineers	0.60
Mechanics & Construction	First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	0.58
Mechanics & Construction	Aerospace Engineers	0.57
Mechanics & Construction	Carpenters	0.55
Mechanics & Construction	Construction Managers	0.54
Mechanics & Construction	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	0.53
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	0.69
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Software Developers	0.64
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	0.64
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer User Support Specialists	0.62
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer Programmers	0.55
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.53
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Database Administrators	0.48
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Electrical Engineers	0.48
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Electricians	0.47
Computer Hardware & Electronics	Computer Systems Analysts	0.46
Military	Infantry	0.71
Military	Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	0.51
Military	Electricians	0.39
Military	Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	0.34
Military	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.33
Military	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.32
Military	Carpenters	0.31
Military	Mechanical Engineers	0.30
Military	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.30
Military	Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	0.30
Protective Services	Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	0.70
Protective Services	Infantry	0.61
Protective Services	Security Guards	0.55
Protective Services	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.54
Protective Services	Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.53
Protective Services	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.52
Protective Services	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.45
Protective Services	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.44
Protective Services	Electricians	0.42
Protective Services	Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	0.36
Nature & Agriculture	Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	0.49
Nature & Agriculture	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.46
Nature & Agriculture	Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	0.37
Nature & Agriculture	Construction Managers	0.35
Nature & Agriculture	Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	0.35
Nature & Agriculture	Carpenters	0.35
Nature & Agriculture	Biologists	0.34
Nature & Agriculture	Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	0.34
Nature & Agriculture	Mechanical Engineers	0.33
Nature & Agriculture	Electricians	0.33
Athletics	Athletes and Sports Competitors	0.62
Athletics	Coaches and Scouts	0.60
Athletics	Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	0.52
Athletics	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.52
Athletics	Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	0.46
Athletics	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.45
Athletics	Construction Managers	0.40
Athletics	Sales Managers	0.36
Athletics	Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	0.35
Athletics	Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	0.35
Science	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.76
Science	Chemists	0.74
Science	Biologists	0.73
Science	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.58
Science	Aerospace Engineers	0.55
Science	Biological Technicians	0.51
Science	Mechanical Engineers	0.49
Science	Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	0.48
Science	Software Developers	0.46
Science	Civil Engineers	0.42
Research	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.49
Research	Chemists	0.46
Research	Aerospace Engineers	0.44
Research	Software Developers	0.43
Research	Biologists	0.41
Research	Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.36
Research	Mechanical Engineers	0.36
Research	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.35
Research	Computer Systems Analysts	0.32
Research	Computer and Information Systems Managers	0.31
Medical Science	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.57
Medical Science	Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	0.55
Medical Science	Biologists	0.51
Medical Science	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.48
Medical Science	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.46
Medical Science	Chemists	0.44
Medical Science	Pharmacists	0.41
Medical Science	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	0.41
Medical Science	Biological Technicians	0.37
Medical Science	Registered Nurses	0.37
Mathematics	Aerospace Engineers	0.67
Mathematics	Civil Engineers	0.59
Mathematics	Mechanical Engineers	0.59
Mathematics	Software Developers	0.54
Mathematics	Electrical Engineers	0.52
Mathematics	Chemists	0.50
Mathematics	Biochemists and Biophysicists	0.48
Mathematics	Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.47
Mathematics	Computer Programmers	0.38
Mathematics	Financial Managers	0.35
Visual Arts & Design	Graphic Designers	0.56
Visual Arts & Design	Craft Artists	0.55
Visual Arts & Design	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	0.54
Visual Arts & Design	Art Directors	0.50
Visual Arts & Design	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.46
Visual Arts & Design	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Visual Arts & Design	Editors	0.44
Visual Arts & Design	Photographers	0.43
Visual Arts & Design	Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	0.40
Visual Arts & Design	Film and Video Editors	0.35
Performing Arts	Musicians and Singers	0.60
Performing Arts	Actors	0.59
Performing Arts	Dancers	0.52
Performing Arts	Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	0.47
Performing Arts	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.47
Performing Arts	Craft Artists	0.36
Performing Arts	Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	0.36
Performing Arts	Editors	0.36
Performing Arts	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.35
Performing Arts	Fundraisers	0.34
Writing & Mass Communication	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.70
Writing & Mass Communication	Editors	0.67
Writing & Mass Communication	News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	0.54
Writing & Mass Communication	Public Relations Specialists	0.42
Writing & Mass Communication	Lawyers	0.38
Writing & Mass Communication	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	0.37
Writing & Mass Communication	Public Relations Managers	0.35
Writing & Mass Communication	Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	0.34
Writing & Mass Communication	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.33
Writing & Mass Communication	Clergy	0.33
Culinary Arts	Chefs and Head Cooks	0.40
Culinary Arts	Fundraisers	0.31
Culinary Arts	Marketing Managers	0.24
Culinary Arts	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.24
Culinary Arts	Training and Development Specialists	0.24
Culinary Arts	Massage Therapists	0.24
Culinary Arts	Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	0.24
Culinary Arts	Financial Risk Specialists	0.23
Culinary Arts	Bartenders	0.23
Culinary Arts	Personal Financial Advisors	0.22
Counseling & Helping	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.72
Counseling & Helping	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.69
Counseling & Helping	Mental Health Counselors	0.69
Counseling & Helping	Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	0.67
Counseling & Helping	Rehabilitation Counselors	0.65
Counseling & Helping	Psychiatric Aides	0.65
Counseling & Helping	Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	0.60
Counseling & Helping	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	0.56
Counseling & Helping	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.53
Counseling & Helping	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	0.52
Teaching & Education	Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	0.60
Teaching & Education	Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.55
Teaching & Education	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.54
Teaching & Education	Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.52
Teaching & Education	Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	0.52
Teaching & Education	Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	0.51
Teaching & Education	Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	0.50
Teaching & Education	Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	0.48
Teaching & Education	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	0.47
Teaching & Education	Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	0.43
Human Resources & Training	Human Resources Managers	0.57
Human Resources & Training	Human Resources Specialists	0.48
Human Resources & Training	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	0.44
Human Resources & Training	Training and Development Specialists	0.43
Human Resources & Training	Business Teachers, Postsecondary	0.42
Human Resources & Training	Training and Development Managers	0.41
Human Resources & Training	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	0.41
Human Resources & Training	Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	0.40
Human Resources & Training	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.38
Human Resources & Training	Sales Managers	0.37
Social Sciences	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.52
Social Sciences	Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	0.49
Social Sciences	Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	0.45
Social Sciences	Mental Health Counselors	0.43
Social Sciences	Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	0.42
Social Sciences	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.41
Social Sciences	Education Administrators, Postsecondary	0.41
Social Sciences	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.41
Social Sciences	Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	0.41
Social Sciences	Clergy	0.40
Religion & Spirituality	Clergy	0.86
Religion & Spirituality	Directors, Religious Activities and Education	0.80
Religion & Spirituality	Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	0.25
Religion & Spirituality	Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	0.23
Religion & Spirituality	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.21
Religion & Spirituality	Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	0.20
Religion & Spirituality	Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.19
Religion & Spirituality	Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	0.18
Religion & Spirituality	Registered Nurses	0.18
Religion & Spirituality	Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	0.17
Healthcare Services	Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	0.63
Healthcare Services	Registered Nurses	0.58
Healthcare Services	Nursing Assistants	0.58
Healthcare Services	Orderlies	0.58
Healthcare Services	Medical Assistants	0.56
Healthcare Services	Home Health Aides	0.54
Healthcare Services	Emergency Medical Technicians	0.53
Healthcare Services	Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	0.49
Healthcare Services	Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	0.44
Healthcare Services	Dental Assistants	0.44
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Managers	0.61
Marketing & Advertising	Marketing Managers	0.60
Marketing & Advertising	Advertising Sales Agents	0.59
Marketing & Advertising	Chief Executives	0.50
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.49
Marketing & Advertising	Sales Engineers	0.48
Marketing & Advertising	Public Relations Managers	0.47
Marketing & Advertising	Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	0.46
Marketing & Advertising	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.44
Marketing & Advertising	Purchasing Managers	0.43
Sales	Sales Managers	0.61
Sales	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	0.56
Sales	Sales Engineers	0.55
Sales	Insurance Sales Agents	0.49
Sales	Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	0.48
Sales	Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	0.41
Sales	Advertising Sales Agents	0.41
Sales	Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	0.39
Sales	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.37
Sales	Personal Financial Advisors	0.35
Management	First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	0.43
Management	Sales Managers	0.38
Management	First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	0.38
Management	Purchasing Managers	0.34
Management	Human Resources Managers	0.34
Management	Food Service Managers	0.34
Management	Medical and Health Services Managers	0.33
Management	General and Operations Managers	0.32
Management	Administrative Services Managers	0.28
Management	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	0.28
Entrepreneurship	Chief Executives	0.59
Entrepreneurship	Sales Managers	0.56
Entrepreneurship	Taxi Drivers	0.50
Entrepreneurship	General and Operations Managers	0.49
Entrepreneurship	Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	0.48
Entrepreneurship	Personal Financial Advisors	0.48
Entrepreneurship	Real Estate Sales Agents	0.48
Entrepreneurship	First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	0.47
Entrepreneurship	Sales Engineers	0.46
Entrepreneurship	Purchasing Managers	0.45
Politics & Public Speaking	Lawyers	0.39
Politics & Public Speaking	Chief Executives	0.37
Politics & Public Speaking	Clergy	0.28
Politics & Public Speaking	Sales Managers	0.24
Politics & Public Speaking	Insurance Sales Agents	0.20
Politics & Public Speaking	Sales Engineers	0.20
Politics & Public Speaking	Personal Financial Advisors	0.17
Politics & Public Speaking	Business Teachers, Postsecondary	0.17
Politics & Public Speaking	English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	0.17
Politics & Public Speaking	Public Relations Managers	0.16
Law	Lawyers	0.57
Law	Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	0.32
Law	Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	0.31
Law	Detectives and Criminal Investigators	0.29
Law	Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	0.27
Law	Chief Executives	0.25
Law	Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	0.25
Law	Sales Managers	0.21
Law	Correctional Officers and Jailers	0.20
Law	Purchasing Managers	0.17
Office Management	Customer Service Representatives	0.52
Office Management	Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	0.51
Office Management	Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	0.50
Office Management	Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	0.49
Office Management	Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	0.48
Office Management	Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	0.48
Office Management	Receptionists and Information Clerks	0.47
Office Management	Office Clerks, General	0.47
Office Management	First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	0.42
Office Management	Data Entry Keyers	0.40
Taxes & Accounting	Tax Preparers	0.73
Taxes & Accounting	Accountants and Auditors	0.61
Taxes & Accounting	Financial Managers	0.52
Taxes & Accounting	Budget Analysts	0.49
Taxes & Accounting	Software Developers	0.43
Taxes & Accounting	Financial and Investment Analysts	0.39
Taxes & Accounting	Civil Engineers	0.39
Taxes & Accounting	Mechanical Engineers	0.39
Taxes & Accounting	Aerospace Engineers	0.38
Taxes & Accounting	Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	0.37
Programming & Information Systems	Software Developers	0.83
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Programmers	0.78
Programming & Information Systems	Database Administrators	0.68
Programming & Information Systems	Computer and Information Research Scientists	0.67
Programming & Information Systems	Computer Systems Analysts	0.65
Programming & Information Systems	Network and Computer Systems Administrators	0.63
Programming & Information Systems	Computer and Information Systems Managers	0.61
Programming & Information Systems	Computer User Support Specialists	0.60
Programming & Information Systems	Information Technology Project Managers	0.54
Programming & Information Systems	Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	0.50
Finance & Investing	Personal Financial Advisors	0.46
Finance & Investing	Financial Managers	0.45
Finance & Investing	Financial and Investment Analysts	0.40
Finance & Investing	Credit Analysts	0.37
Finance & Investing	Budget Analysts	0.34
Finance & Investing	Financial Examiners	0.34
Finance & Investing	Sales Managers	0.33
Finance & Investing	Tax Preparers	0.32
Finance & Investing	Insurance Sales Agents	0.32
Finance & Investing	Chief Executives	0.31

5.3.4 Group differences

5.3.4.1 Gender

Gender differences on each occupational similarity scale are reported in Table 5.7.

Table 5.7: Table 5.8: Occupation scales: Gender differences

Occupation	Female mean	Female SD	Male mean	Male SD	d
Accountants and Auditors	30.83	11.78	30.56	10.33	0.02
Actors	24.19	11.20	23.81	10.83	0.03
Administrative Services Managers	36.12	13.71	30.80	10.00	0.44
Adult Basic Education, Adult Secondary Education, and English as a Second Language Instructors	32.96	11.78	28.69	9.64	0.40
Advertising Sales Agents	33.05	9.50	32.86	9.15	0.02
Aerospace Engineers	18.61	9.66	27.39	10.65	-0.86
Agents and Business Managers of Artists, Performers, and Athletes	33.01	9.10	35.17	8.92	-0.24
Aircraft Mechanics and Service Technicians	25.44	7.97	34.12	9.77	-0.97
Animal Caretakers	31.15	9.79	27.61	8.65	0.38
Appraisers and Assessors of Real Estate	32.25	9.92	34.59	9.00	-0.25
Architects, Except Landscape and Naval	30.24	8.95	33.59	8.42	-0.39
Art Directors	27.79	8.78	27.92	8.02	-0.02
Art, Drama, and Music Teachers, Postsecondary	30.68	9.97	26.96	9.03	0.39
Athletes and Sports Competitors	23.92	9.85	29.60	10.75	-0.55
Automotive Body and Related Repairers	23.77	8.15	31.39	9.75	-0.85
Automotive Service Technicians and Mechanics	17.96	8.47	26.34	10.41	-0.88
Baristas	33.78	11.66	28.31	9.48	0.51
Bartenders	32.80	12.30	30.28	11.18	0.21
Bill and Account Collectors	35.55	11.36	29.56	8.14	0.61
Biochemists and Biophysicists	22.89	10.25	24.28	9.90	-0.14
Biological Technicians	29.33	8.39	28.29	7.71	0.13
Biologists	20.28	12.41	21.56	11.43	-0.11
Bookkeeping, Accounting, and Auditing Clerks	33.65	12.01	27.96	8.98	0.54
Budget Analysts	30.86	11.88	30.93	10.09	-0.01
Bus Drivers, School	32.09	11.58	29.75	8.99	0.23
Bus Drivers, Transit and Intercity	30.23	12.83	31.13	11.29	-0.07
Business Teachers, Postsecondary	33.30	10.24	32.66	9.47	0.06
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Middle School	31.99	12.11	29.38	10.24	0.23
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Postsecondary	29.23	11.30	24.30	9.05	0.48
Career/Technical Education Teachers, Secondary School	27.66	12.77	23.97	10.79	0.31
Carpenters	24.54	8.33	31.87	9.34	-0.83
Cashiers	29.03	12.78	27.81	10.97	0.10
Chefs and Head Cooks	30.67	10.13	33.92	10.26	-0.32
Chemists	19.56	10.91	22.04	10.69	-0.23
Chief Executives	29.95	9.16	34.43	9.68	-0.48
Child, Family, and School Social Workers	34.45	10.67	28.72	7.79	0.61
Childcare Workers	28.36	11.72	23.78	8.75	0.44
Civil Engineers	19.98	11.26	27.65	11.45	-0.68
Claims Adjusters, Examiners, and Investigators	33.79	14.53	31.17	11.44	0.20
Clergy	18.99	11.47	19.30	12.30	-0.03
Clinical and Counseling Psychologists	22.20	15.26	17.64	13.12	0.32
Coaches and Scouts	29.10	9.88	30.29	9.72	-0.12
Compensation, Benefits, and Job Analysis Specialists	31.32	13.69	28.09	10.82	0.26
Computer Programmers	26.09	9.25	30.39	9.95	-0.45
Computer Systems Analysts	29.46	9.88	33.14	10.38	-0.36
Computer User Support Specialists	30.88	8.23	33.62	9.11	-0.32
Computer and Information Research Scientists	30.52	8.60	35.27	9.34	-0.53
Computer and Information Systems Managers	27.65	10.87	32.08	11.33	-0.40
Concierges	33.97	9.53	31.26	8.49	0.30
Construction Laborers	25.08	8.77	33.34	10.05	-0.88
Construction Managers	23.76	10.68	31.07	11.77	-0.65
Cooks, Fast Food	28.15	11.76	29.48	10.87	-0.12
Cooks, Institution and Cafeteria	34.61	10.69	32.35	8.55	0.23
Cooks, Restaurant	29.42	10.05	33.33	10.66	-0.38
Cooks, Short Order	30.77	10.12	32.30	10.23	-0.15
Correctional Officers and Jailers	31.92	7.98	32.33	7.82	-0.05
Counter and Rental Clerks	32.71	12.88	30.67	11.17	0.17
Court Reporters and Simultaneous Captioners	34.29	7.89	32.55	7.42	0.23
Craft Artists	31.69	9.29	28.80	8.39	0.33
Credit Analysts	31.84	11.92	33.69	10.87	-0.16
Customer Service Representatives	37.49	13.21	30.48	9.29	0.61
Dancers	23.63	11.42	17.17	9.70	0.61
Data Entry Keyers	35.34	11.89	28.87	8.92	0.62
Database Administrators	33.26	8.30	35.72	8.45	-0.29
Demonstrators and Product Promoters	34.34	10.43	33.13	9.06	0.12
Dental Assistants	24.93	11.36	21.08	9.09	0.37
Detectives and Criminal Investigators	31.91	7.59	33.85	7.73	-0.25
Dining Room and Cafeteria Attendants and Bartender Helpers	29.80	11.46	31.09	11.02	-0.11
Directors, Religious Activities and Education	20.21	11.33	18.43	11.45	0.16
Dishwashers	30.47	10.49	32.55	10.38	-0.20
Driver/Sales Workers	27.30	10.60	34.42	11.74	-0.64
Editors	23.45	12.59	20.07	10.95	0.29
Education Administrators, Kindergarten through Secondary	30.69	13.06	27.47	10.82	0.27
Education Administrators, Postsecondary	29.27	12.39	25.57	10.01	0.33
Education Teachers, Postsecondary	33.03	11.67	29.62	9.51	0.32
Education and Childcare Administrators, Preschool and Daycare	31.12	10.81	25.80	8.14	0.56
Educational, Guidance, and Career Counselors and Advisors	31.27	13.18	24.57	10.10	0.57
Electrical Engineers	18.12	10.43	26.29	12.03	-0.73
Electricians	22.88	8.15	32.66	10.10	-1.07
Elementary School Teachers, Except Special Education	28.66	11.75	24.06	9.60	0.43
Emergency Medical Technicians	25.96	9.02	28.46	8.24	-0.29
English Language and Literature Teachers, Postsecondary	28.53	10.26	25.21	9.18	0.34
Environmental Scientists and Specialists, Including Health	27.71	10.28	29.30	9.03	-0.16
Executive Secretaries and Executive Administrative Assistants	32.05	14.69	22.41	10.69	0.75
Exercise Trainers and Group Fitness Instructors	30.35	10.30	29.94	9.42	0.04
Farmworkers and Laborers, Crop, Nursery, and Greenhouse	31.75	7.53	33.70	7.67	-0.26
Farmworkers, Farm, Ranch, and Aquacultural Animals	21.60	9.54	23.46	9.22	-0.20
Fashion Designers	30.14	8.33	26.74	7.67	0.42
Fast Food and Counter Workers	28.64	13.12	28.21	11.38	0.04
File Clerks	33.93	11.55	28.12	9.55	0.55
Film and Video Editors	29.79	7.80	31.22	7.77	-0.18
Financial Examiners	31.69	11.54	33.52	10.97	-0.16
Financial Managers	30.80	10.82	33.19	10.22	-0.23
Financial Risk Specialists	33.66	13.13	31.34	10.36	0.20
Financial and Investment Analysts	29.53	11.61	31.82	10.83	-0.20
Fine Artists, Including Painters, Sculptors, and Illustrators	28.33	9.00	26.86	8.56	0.17
First-Line Supervisors of Construction Trades and Extraction Workers	22.68	10.33	33.68	12.40	-0.96
First-Line Supervisors of Food Preparation and Serving Workers	34.43	11.70	32.78	9.95	0.15
First-Line Supervisors of Material-Moving Machine and Vehicle Operators	28.04	11.08	36.46	12.10	-0.73
First-Line Supervisors of Mechanics, Installers, and Repairers	30.21	7.17	38.08	9.16	-0.96
First-Line Supervisors of Non-Retail Sales Workers	34.46	11.73	33.93	10.38	0.05
First-Line Supervisors of Office and Administrative Support Workers	34.14	14.86	28.16	11.30	0.45
First-Line Supervisors of Personal Service Workers	35.55	11.61	33.66	9.43	0.18
First-Line Supervisors of Production and Operating Workers	29.35	10.39	37.03	11.42	-0.70
First-Line Supervisors of Retail Sales Workers	35.97	11.12	33.29	9.31	0.26
Food Preparation Workers	31.05	11.60	30.91	10.75	0.01
Food Servers, Nonrestaurant	31.21	11.63	29.46	10.09	0.16
Food Service Managers	33.28	11.80	33.32	10.54	0.00
Fraud Examiners, Investigators and Analysts	31.63	11.19	29.63	9.47	0.19
Fundraisers	28.05	13.01	23.67	10.11	0.38
Gambling Change Persons and Booth Cashiers	28.66	11.34	28.62	10.77	0.00
General and Operations Managers	31.14	12.32	34.87	12.04	-0.31
Graphic Designers	25.04	10.58	24.45	10.10	0.06
Hairdressers, Hairstylists, and Cosmetologists	32.92	12.36	23.48	9.29	0.86
Health Education Specialists	33.27	10.18	29.65	8.49	0.39
Heavy and Tractor-Trailer Truck Drivers	25.65	9.42	34.36	10.65	-0.87
Helpers–Installation, Maintenance, and Repair Workers	27.45	8.59	34.74	9.81	-0.79
Home Health Aides	33.47	10.31	28.80	7.77	0.51
Hosts and Hostesses, Restaurant, Lounge, and Coffee Shop	28.99	11.61	25.34	9.87	0.34
Hotel, Motel, and Resort Desk Clerks	29.48	11.45	25.11	9.61	0.41
Human Resources Assistants, Except Payroll and Timekeeping	34.21	13.31	25.55	9.64	0.75
Human Resources Managers	30.59	12.20	27.55	9.81	0.27
Human Resources Specialists	31.98	12.54	29.46	9.82	0.22
Infantry	22.49	8.76	28.47	9.64	-0.65
Information Technology Project Managers	27.82	10.96	31.04	11.34	-0.29
Inspectors, Testers, Sorters, Samplers, and Weighers	28.70	12.44	32.25	11.50	-0.30
Instructional Coordinators	34.56	13.65	30.60	10.60	0.32
Insurance Claims and Policy Processing Clerks	33.01	12.81	26.13	9.43	0.61
Insurance Sales Agents	21.65	10.55	23.74	10.77	-0.20
Insurance Underwriters	31.66	13.00	30.88	11.24	0.06
Interior Designers	25.67	10.28	20.83	8.80	0.51
Janitors and Cleaners, Except Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	29.73	12.34	32.28	12.19	-0.21
Judges, Magistrate Judges, and Magistrates	32.85	11.02	28.11	8.91	0.47
Kindergarten Teachers, Except Special Education	30.38	10.31	23.32	8.17	0.76
Laborers and Freight, Stock, and Material Movers, Hand	29.70	9.28	36.21	10.29	-0.66
Landscaping and Groundskeeping Workers	27.03	9.44	33.96	9.99	-0.71
Lawyers	22.26	11.50	23.76	10.81	-0.13
Librarians and Media Collections Specialists	35.25	10.44	31.36	9.01	0.40
Library Technicians	33.75	11.24	28.94	9.50	0.46
Licensed Practical and Licensed Vocational Nurses	23.38	11.36	20.75	8.87	0.26
Lifeguards, Ski Patrol, and Other Recreational Protective Service Workers	28.44	10.48	31.00	10.17	-0.25
Light Truck Drivers	28.35	10.57	34.15	11.67	-0.52
Loan Officers	33.95	11.02	33.68	10.27	0.03
Logisticians	32.17	12.93	35.54	11.94	-0.27
Machinists	23.40	10.49	29.11	10.99	-0.53
Maids and Housekeeping Cleaners	32.92	12.12	27.79	9.40	0.47
Maintenance and Repair Workers, General	27.85	7.95	35.75	9.37	-0.91
Management Analysts	31.09	12.15	33.53	11.29	-0.21
Market Research Analysts and Marketing Specialists	27.76	10.60	28.35	9.60	-0.06
Marketing Managers	28.95	11.72	29.21	10.36	-0.02
Massage Therapists	30.47	10.32	25.59	8.39	0.52
Mechanical Engineers	19.82	9.56	28.93	10.75	-0.90
Media Programming Directors	31.09	12.34	27.85	9.74	0.29
Medical Assistants	31.71	9.53	27.35	7.23	0.52
Medical Scientists, Except Epidemiologists	26.72	8.92	26.40	8.19	0.04
Medical Secretaries and Administrative Assistants	31.36	12.22	21.12	8.56	0.97
Medical Transcriptionists	34.68	9.52	29.20	7.07	0.65
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technicians	30.27	10.14	28.72	8.10	0.17
Medical and Clinical Laboratory Technologists	30.07	9.43	27.89	7.95	0.25
Medical and Health Services Managers	31.73	10.60	30.16	8.12	0.17
Meeting, Convention, and Event Planners	32.67	11.46	28.08	8.86	0.45
Mental Health Counselors	23.94	14.17	17.24	11.51	0.52
Mental Health and Substance Abuse Social Workers	28.69	12.00	22.41	9.49	0.58
Middle School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	31.84	12.00	27.16	9.96	0.42
Models	29.83	9.41	28.18	8.97	0.18
Musicians and Singers	23.73	11.41	23.74	11.29	0.00
Nannies	28.42	12.13	20.26	8.87	0.77
Network and Computer Systems Administrators	23.20	9.43	27.66	10.28	-0.45
News Analysts, Reporters, and Journalists	24.51	10.00	24.42	9.27	0.01
Nursing Assistants	25.32	10.62	21.74	8.42	0.37
Office Clerks, General	36.76	12.30	28.77	9.02	0.74
Orderlies	26.93	11.02	24.34	8.67	0.26
Packaging and Filling Machine Operators and Tenders	28.67	11.29	31.74	11.36	-0.27
Packers and Packagers, Hand	26.39	10.94	32.20	11.54	-0.52
Painters, Construction and Maintenance	28.90	9.58	35.47	10.51	-0.65
Parts Salespersons	29.30	9.89	33.45	10.62	-0.40
Payroll and Timekeeping Clerks	33.10	11.75	27.20	8.95	0.56
Personal Care Aides	34.53	10.34	29.03	7.65	0.60
Personal Financial Advisors	26.81	9.15	29.48	9.24	-0.29
Pharmacists	30.81	9.39	29.88	8.24	0.11
Pharmacy Aides	35.21	8.89	33.01	7.21	0.27
Pharmacy Technicians	33.59	9.34	30.93	7.50	0.31
Photographers	28.48	10.07	27.55	9.20	0.10
Physical Therapist Aides	29.86	9.86	28.90	8.61	0.10
Physical Therapists	31.23	9.76	30.08	8.43	0.13
Police and Sheriff’s Patrol Officers	23.49	9.44	28.51	10.26	-0.51
Preschool Teachers, Except Special Education	27.60	11.35	21.12	8.44	0.65
Probation Officers and Correctional Treatment Specialists	29.76	9.15	28.56	8.14	0.14
Property, Real Estate, and Community Association Managers	32.53	14.07	32.59	12.76	0.00
Psychiatric Aides	28.98	11.35	24.44	9.24	0.44
Psychology Teachers, Postsecondary	26.65	10.32	24.79	9.46	0.19
Public Relations Managers	32.82	10.10	32.34	8.57	0.05
Public Relations Specialists	29.86	9.98	27.23	8.44	0.28
Purchasing Agents, Except Wholesale, Retail, and Farm Products	35.04	12.59	33.91	10.91	0.10
Purchasing Managers	30.45	12.05	32.92	11.37	-0.21
Radiologic Technologists and Technicians	30.78	11.99	29.02	9.47	0.16
Real Estate Brokers	25.93	10.69	26.51	10.84	-0.05
Real Estate Sales Agents	31.16	10.31	29.39	9.54	0.18
Receptionists and Information Clerks	33.75	13.26	23.32	9.52	0.90
Recreation Workers	32.13	11.09	32.29	10.25	-0.01
Registered Nurses	21.88	13.34	19.58	10.62	0.19
Rehabilitation Counselors	32.05	12.08	26.79	9.14	0.49
Residential Advisors	34.35	12.14	29.20	10.05	0.46
Retail Salespersons	30.49	12.16	30.10	10.61	0.03
Sales Engineers	29.96	8.10	36.54	8.62	-0.79
Sales Managers	32.08	9.37	35.25	9.84	-0.33
Sales Representatives of Services, Except Advertising, Insurance, Financial Services, and Travel	32.86	12.23	33.56	11.24	-0.06
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Except Technical and Scientific Products	32.16	10.33	35.53	10.08	-0.33
Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products	31.10	9.07	35.75	9.67	-0.50
Secondary School Teachers, Except Special and Career/Technical Education	27.27	12.12	25.65	10.98	0.14
Secretaries and Administrative Assistants, Except Legal, Medical, and Executive	35.04	12.51	24.57	9.03	0.96
Securities, Commodities, and Financial Services Sales Agents	32.27	8.73	34.11	8.90	-0.21
Security Guards	30.05	9.12	32.68	9.97	-0.28
Self-Enrichment Teachers	29.80	13.57	28.16	11.32	0.13
Shipping, Receiving, and Inventory Clerks	31.08	12.34	30.75	10.93	0.03
Skincare Specialists	29.01	10.81	22.43	9.26	0.65
Social Science Research Assistants	28.97	9.85	24.84	8.31	0.45
Social and Community Service Managers	32.72	13.02	30.06	10.23	0.23
Social and Human Service Assistants	34.89	12.11	29.81	9.16	0.47
Software Developers	23.93	9.85	30.34	10.68	-0.62
Special Education Teachers, Elementary School	25.97	10.83	20.14	8.37	0.60
Substance Abuse and Behavioral Disorder Counselors	26.81	12.83	23.05	10.56	0.32
Switchboard Operators, Including Answering Service	35.18	12.40	27.64	8.90	0.70
Tank Car, Truck, and Ship Loaders	28.05	8.02	34.70	9.18	-0.77
Tax Preparers	27.87	10.07	27.92	8.99	-0.01
Taxi Drivers	27.22	11.28	33.28	11.27	-0.54
Teaching Assistants, Postsecondary	31.90	11.52	28.37	9.47	0.33
Teaching Assistants, Preschool, Elementary, Middle, and Secondary School, Except Special Education	34.96	10.19	29.44	7.76	0.61
Team Assemblers	31.83	11.73	32.76	11.05	-0.08
Telecommunications Equipment Installers and Repairers, Except Line Installers	26.14	8.75	34.05	10.21	-0.83
Telemarketers	33.96	10.86	32.47	9.83	0.14
Telephone Operators	34.59	12.35	29.25	10.03	0.47
Tellers	33.06	12.12	25.89	9.17	0.67
Tire Builders	29.73	12.75	32.38	12.14	-0.21
Training and Development Managers	34.93	10.14	33.51	8.48	0.15
Training and Development Specialists	34.96	11.52	32.14	9.23	0.27
Transportation, Storage, and Distribution Managers	32.64	10.49	38.28	11.00	-0.52
Tutors	34.45	10.77	29.94	8.95	0.46
Umpires, Referees, and Other Sports Officials	24.43	9.93	29.29	10.68	-0.47
Veterinary Assistants and Laboratory Animal Caretakers	32.49	8.59	29.42	7.31	0.38
Veterinary Technologists and Technicians	28.93	9.09	26.33	7.83	0.31
Waiters and Waitresses	29.86	12.86	27.49	11.09	0.20
Wholesale and Retail Buyers, Except Farm Products	32.75	10.13	33.35	9.44	-0.06